Metal Oxide Hydrogel Composites for Remediation of Dye-Contaminated Wastewater: Principal Component Analysis

Kharboutly

et al. 2023

Gels

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Water scarcity is a global problem affecting millions of people. It can lead to severe economic, social, and environmental consequences. It can also have several impacts on agriculture, industry, and households, leading to a decrease in human quality of life. To address water scarcity, governments, communities, and individuals must work in synergy for the sake of water resources conservation and the implementation of sustainable water management practices. Following this urge, the enhancement of water treatment processes and the development of novel ones is a must. Here, we have investigated the potential of the applicability of “Green Aerogels” in water treatment’s ion removal section. Three families of aerogels originating from nanocellulose (NC), chitosan (CS), and graphene (G) are investigated. In order to reveal the difference between aerogel samples in-hand, a “Principal Component Analysis” (PCA) has been performed on the physical/chemical properties of aerogels, from one side, and the adsorption features, from another side. Several approaches and data pre-treatments have been considered to overcome any bias of the statistical method. Following the different followed approaches, the aerogel samples were located in the center of the biplot and were surrounded by different physical/chemical and adsorption properties. This would probably indicate a similar efficiency in the ion removal of the aerogels in-hand, whether they were nanocellulose-based, chitosan-based, or even graphene-based. In brief, PCA has shown a similar efficiency of all the investigated aerogels towards ion removal. The advantage of this method is its capacity to engage and seek similarities/dissimilarities between multiple factors, with the elimination of the shortcomings for the tedious and time-consuming bidimensional data visualization.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Unsupervised Machine Learning for the Evaluation of Aerogels’ Efficiency towards Ion Removal—A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach

Kharboutly

et al. 2023

Gels

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have used similar methodology that we used in our previously published work [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. After normalization, PCA findings were yielded by using XLSTAT 2014 software, following the similar approach adopted by Younes et al [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. In this study, the missing data were estimated using a built-in feature that replaces a missing value with the “Mode”, following the respective variables.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Unsupervised Learning for the Evaluation of Aerogels’ Efficiency towards Dye Removal—A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach

Kharboutly

et al. 2023

Gels

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Water scarcity is a growing global issue, particularly in areas with limited freshwater sources, urging for sustainable water management practices to insure equitable access for all people. One way to address this problem is to implement advanced methods for treating existing contaminated water to offer more clean water. Adsorption through membranes technology is an important water treatment technique, and nanocellulose (NC)-, chitosan (CS)-, and graphene (G)- based aerogels are considered good adsorbents. To estimate the efficiency of dye removal for the mentioned aerogels, we intend to use an unsupervised machine learning approach known as “Principal Component Analysis”. PCA showed that the chitosan-based ones have the lowest regeneration efficiencies, along with a moderate number of regenerations. NC2, NC9, and G5 are preferred where there is high adsorption energy to the membrane, and high porosities could be tolerated, but this allows lower removal efficiencies of dye contaminants. NC3, NC5, NC6, and NC11 have high removal efficiencies even with low porosities and surface area. In brief, PCA presents a powerful tool to unravel the efficiency of aerogels towards dye removal. Hence, several conditions need to be considered when employing or even manufacturing the investigated aerogels.

“…Each investigated variable’s data component has a different weight. To remove any bias caused by the difference of magnitude, a normalization technique similar to that used by Younes et al [ 17 , 38 ] was implemented as follows:

where “ Y st ” presents the standardized dataset values.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Understanding Aerogels’ Efficiency for Oil Removal—A Principal Component Analysis Approach

Chaouk

et al. 2023

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In this study, our aim was to estimate the adsorption potential of three families of aerogels: nanocellulose (NC), chitosan (CS), and graphene (G) oxide-based aerogels. The emphasized efficiency to seek here concerns oil and organic contaminant removal. In order to achieve this goal, principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a data mining tool. PCA showed hidden patterns that were not possible to seek by the bi-dimensional conventional perspective. In fact, higher total variance was scored in this study compared with previous findings (an increase of nearly 15%). Different approaches and data pre-treatments have provided different findings for PCA. When the whole dataset was taken into consideration, PCA was able to reveal the discrepancy between nanocellulose-based aerogel from one part and chitosan-based and graphene-based aerogels from another part. In order to overcome the bias yielded by the outliers and to probably increase the degree of representativeness, a separation of individuals was adopted. This approach allowed an increase in the total variance of the PCA approach from 64.02% (for the whole dataset) to 69.42% (outliers excluded dataset) and 79.82% (outliers only dataset). This reveals the effectiveness of the followed approach and the high bias yielded from the outliers.