Metal Phosphonates Applied to Biotechnologies: A Novel Approach to Oligonucleotide Microarrays

Abstract

A new process for preparing oligonucleotide arrays is described that uses surface grafting chemistry which is fundamentally different from the electrostatic adsorption and organic covalent binding methods normally employed. Solid supports are modified with a mixed organic/inorganic zirconium phosphonate monolayer film providing a stable, well-defined interface. Oligonucleotide probes terminated with phosphate are spotted directly on to the zirconated surface forming a covalent linkage. Specific binding of terminal phosphate groups with minimal binding of the internal phosphate diesters has been demonstrated. The mixed organic/inorganic thin films have also been extended for use arraying DNA duplex probes, and therefore represent a viable general approach to DNA-based bioarrays. Ideas for interfacing mixed organic/inorganic interfaces to other bioapplications are also discussed.

Ionothermal Synthesis of Zirconium Phosphates and Their Catalytic Behavior in the Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexane

“…Two of these compounds are new phases with chain and layer framework structures, and their structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The third compound is identical to the known phase of [Zr 12 P 16 O 60 (OH) 4 F 8 ] (C 5 H 6 N) 4 (H 2 O) 2 (ZrPOF-pyr), [20] and is identified by the powder X-ray diffraction pattern.…”

“…Each {ZrO 4 F 2 } octahedron links four different {PO 4 } tetrahedra with each pair at the corners of one diagonal to form infinite macroanionic [ZrP 2 O 8 F 2 )] n 4nÀ chains running along the [001] direction, and forming four-membered rings along [100], with triclinic topological symmetry. The NH 4 + cations are located among the chains. As no extra NH 4 + cations were added in these syntheses, they result from the partial decomposition of the urea, a component of eutectic mixture, which acts to template the structure and balance on the anion framework.…”

“…The NH 4 + cations are located among the chains. As no extra NH 4 + cations were added in these syntheses, they result from the partial decomposition of the urea, a component of eutectic mixture, which acts to template the structure and balance on the anion framework. The elemental analysis results are in good agreement with the calculated ratio H/N = 4:1 for the formula (NH 4 ) 4 [Zr(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 ].…”

“…With a F/Zr ratio of 2.8, a novel compound, (NH 4 ) 4 [Zr(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 ], designated as ZrPO 4 -DES1, was formed with a chain framework structure. Figure 1 shows the polyhedral structure of ZrPO 4 -DES1.…”

“…Zirconium phosphates are especially interesting as they exhibit unique properties in the fields of photochemistry, [2] molecular and chiral recognition, [3] biotechnology, [4] and catalysis.[5] Zirconium phosphates with one-, two-, and three-dimensional connectivities are usually prepared using a solvothermal approach in water or organic solvents as the mother liquid. The nature of the interaction between the solvent and reacting species is undoubtedly critical, not only for control over the final crystal structure of the products, but also their crystal size and morphology, [6] both of which are important for synthetic chemists and materials scientists.…”