Methods for the Preparation and Manufacture of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Abstract

This review summarizes the different methods of preparation of polymer nanoparticles including nanospheres and nanocapsules. The first part summarizes the basic principle of each method of nanoparticle preparation. It presents the most recent innovations and progresses obtained over the last decade and which were not included in previous reviews on the subject. Strategies for the obtaining of nanoparticles with controlled in vivo fate are described in the second part of the review. A paragraph summarizing scaling up of nanoparticle production and presenting corresponding pilot set-up is considered in the third part of the review. Treatments of nanoparticles, applied after the synthesis, are described in the next part including purification, sterilization, lyophilization and concentration. Finally, methods to obtain labelled nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo investigations are described in the last part of this review.

PLGA-Based Nanoparticles as Cancer Drug Delivery Systems

“…The nanoparticles are formed through the second step, which varies according to the method used. Usually, the principle of this second step gives its name to the method (Vauthier and Bouchemal, 2009;Dinarvand et al, 2011).…”

Preparação de nanopartículas poliméricas a partir de polímeros pré-formados: parte II

“…Este método encontra-se limitado a agentes de salting-out que não sofram precipitação devido à separação das nanosferas recém-preparadas. Quando se usa a acetona como solvente orgânico, podem ser usados como agentes de salting-out o MgCl 2 , NaCl ou Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 . Quando a fase aquosa tem caráter ácido, o MgCl 2 não pode ser utilizado como agente de salting-out, uma vez que é solúvel nesse meio.…”

“…As nanopartículas devem ser preparadas com base numa razão princípio ativo/polímero adequada à obtenção de uma eficiência de encapsulação elevada e toxicidade reduzida. Em regra, a escolha de um método de preparação é determinada pelas características de solubilidade do princípio ativo [2][3][4] . Em comparação com os métodos de produção de nanopartículas poliméricas a partir da polimerização de monômeros, a preparação utilizando polímeros pré-formados é mais facilmente controlável, de maior rendimento, e pode ser realizada por emulsificação-evaporação do solvente [5] , por deslocamento do solvente [6] , por salting-out [7] ou por emulsificação-difusão do solvente [8] .…”

Polymeric nanoparticles – a novel solution for delivery of antimicrobial agents

“…In addition, polymeric nanoparticles may also be used as a reaction or dispersion medium for the synthesis of nanoparticles [23]. Regardless of the synthesis method used, PNPs that are prepared for biomedical applications should be completely free from unreacted reagents, organic solvents, surfactants or traces of heavy metals or catalysts [24,25]. Recent studies show that the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug are greatly influenced by the selected drug's molecular weight, polymeric composition (type, hydrophobicity, biodegradation and controlled release profile) of nanoparticles, localization of drug in the nanospheres, and drug incorporation techniques such as adsorption or incorporation [26][27][28][29].…”