Methods of Calculating and Correcting the Mortality of Insects1

Sun, Yun-Pei; Shepard, Harold H.

doi:10.1093/jee/40.5.710

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The dose/time mortality response data of larvicidal assays was analyzed using log-probit regression model to determine LC 50 and LC 90 with their confidence interval at 95% (95% CI). The Abbott's formula was used to correct mortality rate if comprised between 5% and 20% in the negative control group (Sun and Shepard, 1947). Experiments were considered invalid when mortality rate in negative control group was >20%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Foko

Hawadak²,

Verma³

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Purpose: The recent emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites resistant to current artemisinin-based combination therapies in Africa justifies the need to develop new strategies for successful malaria control. We synthesized, characterized and evaluated medical applications of optimized silver nanoparticles using Alchornea cordifolia (AC-AgNPs), a plant largely used in African and Asian traditional medicine.Methods: Fresh leaves of A. cordifolia were used to prepare aqueous crude extract, which was mixed with silver nitrate for AC-AgNPs synthesis and optimization. The optimized AC-AgNPs were characterized using several techniques including ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential. Thereafter, AC-AgNPs were evaluated for their hemocompatibility and antiplasmodial activity against Pf malaria strains 3D7 and RKL9. Finally, lethal activity of AC-AgNPs was assessed against mosquito larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti which are vectors of neglected diseases such as dengue, filariasis and chikungunya.Results: The AC-AgNPs were mostly spheroidal, polycrystalline (84.13%), stable and polydispersed with size of 11.77 ± 5.57 nm. FTIR revealed the presence of several peaks corresponding to functional chemical groups characteristics of alkanoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, anthraquonones and saponins. The AC-AgNPs had a high antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 of 8.05 μg/mL and 10.31 μg/mL against 3D7 and RKL9 Plasmodium falciparum strains. Likewise, high larvicidal activity of AC-AgNPs was found after 24 h- and 48 h-exposure: LC50 = 18.41 μg/mL and 8.97 μg/mL (Culex quinquefasciatus), LC50 = 16.71 μg/mL and 7.52 μg/mL (Aedes aegypti) and LC50 = 10.67 μg/mL and 5.85 μg/mL (Anopheles stephensi). The AC-AgNPs were highly hemocompatible (HC50 > 500 μg/mL).Conclusion: In worrying context of resistance of parasite and mosquitoes, green nanotechnologies using plants could be a cutting-edge alternative for drug/insecticide discovery and development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Foko

Hawadak²,

Verma³

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The number of dead and live mites was noted and the increase or decrease in the mite population was compared with the preceding count(s) and with the population count of untreated seedlings. The killing effect of mites achieved by a systemic compound was calculated according to the formula of SUN and SHEPARD (1947). A quantity (ppm) of each of the chemicals tested in root application was mixed with the nutrient solution and the amount of liquid lost after 42 days of the experiment was calculated as the amount (in mg) of chemical used per seedling.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Various Chemicals on the Population of the Citrus Bud Mite, Eriophyes sheldoni Ewing (Eriophyidae, Acarina)¹

Sternlicht

1971

Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie

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Foliar treatment with the fungicides benomyl 0.1 % and mancozeb 0.15 % on 7‐year‐old orange trees resulted in a good killing effect on the citrus bud mite; 0.35 % dyrene was inferior to them. The acaricide Neoron 0.1 %, tested in comparison, was rated first. Laboratory experiments with chemicals introduced systemically, via roots, into citrus seedlings kept in nutrient solution and infested with the citrus bud mite, showed an increase in mite population with 1 ppm erythromycin and 100 ppm caffeic acid, respectively, as opposed to seedlings treated with 100 ppm gallic acid, which decreased the mite population. Forty‐two days after the beginning of the trial there was no difference between those seedlings treated with p‐coumaric acid, 1‐naphthylacetic acid or oxytetracyclic dihydrate, and untreated seedlings. In experiments with actinomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin sulfate, puromycin dihydrochloride and biotin, wick‐fed separately into stems of infested citrus seedlings, the mite population increased, but seedlings treated with oxytetracyclic dihydrate showed a decrease. No effect was observed after treatment with gibberellic acid or with 1‐naphthylacetic acid. In trials on the systemic effect, via roots, all of the following materials had a significant killing effect on the mite population in buds of citrus seedlings after 42 days of consistent treatment: the antibiotic cycloheximide (175–500 ppm); the retardant CCC and the fungicides benomyl, captan, daconil, Dimethrimol, dodine, dyrene, Hoe‐287, mancozeb, potassium sorbate, quinolate, TMTD, thiophanate and Vitavax (500–1000 ppm) and Galecron (5 and 10 ppm). Concentrations of less than 1000 ppm of CCC, dyrene, quinolate and TMTD caused an increase in mite population after 21 days but a decline after 42 days. Zusammenfassung Über die Wirkung verschiedener Chemikalien auf die Zitrusknospenmilbe Eriophyes sbeldoni (Eriophyidae, Acar.) Blattbehandlungen bei 7jährigen Orangenbäumen mit den Fungiziden Benomyl 0,1 % und Mancozeb 0,15 % ergaben gute abtötende Wirkung auf die Zitrusknospenmilbe; 0,35 % Dyren war geringer wirksam. Das zum Vergleich getestete Akarizid Neoron 0,1 % rangierte an erster Stelle. Laborexperimente mit Chemikalien, welche systematisch über die Wurzeln in die in Nährlösung gehaltenen und von der Milbe befallenen Sämlinge eindrangen, ergaben ein Ansteigen der Milbendichte von 1 ppm Erythromycin und 100 ppm Coffeinsüure im Gegensatz zu 100 ppm Gallensäure, die zur Abnahme der Dichte führte. 42 Tage nach Versuchsbeginn zeigte sich kein Unterschied zwischen unbehandelten Sämlingen und solchen, die mit p‐Cumarinsäure, l‐Naphthylessigsäure oder oxytetracycl. Dehydrat behandelt waren. Bei Versuchen mit Actinomycin, Erythromycin, Kanamycinsulfat, Puromycin‐dehy‐drochlorid und Biotin, welche jeweils in den Stengel der Sämlinge eingebracht wurden, stieg die Milbendichte an, sank jedoch nach Behandlung mit oxytetracycl. Dehydrat. Keine Wirkung wurde bei Milbenpopulationen an solchen Sämlingen beobachtet, die mit Gibberel‐linsäure behandelt worden war...

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“…Insect mortality was tested to determine mortality rate of O. rhinoceros larvae by fungus M. anisopliae. Insect mortality percentage was calculated using the following formula from Sun and Shepard (1947): M = insect mortality percentage (%), n = number of dead insect (insect), N = number of insect tested (insect).…”

Section: Metarhizium Anisopliae Mortality Test Upon Oryctes Rhinocero...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potency of Metarhizium anisopliae in Disturbing Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Growth and Development

Maysaroh

Martono

Harjaka

2022

JPTI

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Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most frequently used insect pathogen fungi in controlling Oryctes rhinoceros. This research aims to learn the potency of fungus M. anisopliae against O. rhinoceros larvae growth and development at the laboratory. The research methods used are T-tests comprising seven treatments and three replications. Fungi were applied in all larvae instar stages starting from the pre-molting of the first larvae instar, post-molting of the second larvae instar, active second larvae instar, pre-molting of the second larvae instar, post-molting of the third larvae instar, active third larvae instar, and pre-pupae stage which were then compared with each instar’s own control. The result indicates that fungus M. anisopliae is capable of suppressing O. rhinoceros growth and development. The fungus induced highest mortality rate of 87% to the third instar larvae and lowest mortality rate of 27% to the pre-molting of the first instar larvae. The fungus also affected the duration of larval stage. At pre-molting of the third larvae instar treated with M. anisopliae, the larval duration was 40 days compared to that of control that took 135 days. At the post-molting of the third larvae instar, the larval duration was 25 days compared to that of control that took 120 days. At the third larvae instar, the larval duration was no more than 15 days compared to that of control that reached 110 days. At pre-pupal stage, the larvae only lasted for 6 days while at control, they were able to last for 15 days. The fungus also affected the success of larva development in becoming pupae in all O. rhinoceros larval stage. The lowest success rate was found in the post-molting of the third larvae instar treated with M. anisopliae with 7% compared to its control with 100% while the highest success rate was found in the pre-molting of the first larval instar with 47% compared to its control with 93%.

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Methods of Calculating and Correcting the Mortality of Insects1

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Effect of Various Chemicals on the Population of the Citrus Bud Mite, Eriophyes sheldoni Ewing (Eriophyidae, Acarina)¹

The Potency of Metarhizium anisopliae in Disturbing Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Growth and Development

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Methods of Calculating and Correcting the Mortality of Insects1

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Effect of Various Chemicals on the Population of the Citrus Bud Mite, Eriophyes sheldoni Ewing (Eriophyidae, Acarina)1

The Potency of Metarhizium anisopliae in Disturbing Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Growth and Development

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Effect of Various Chemicals on the Population of the Citrus Bud Mite, Eriophyes sheldoni Ewing (Eriophyidae, Acarina)¹