Micro‐ and Nano‐structured Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

James, Jemy; Thomas, George V.; Akhina, H.; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1002/9781119138945.ch1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We refer interested readers to excellent and timely reviews. 114,287,288 Herein, we will restrict the discussion to systematical differences regarding curing strategies and highlight particularly successful examples.…”

Section: Interpenetratingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interpenetrating network (IPN) is created by the simultaneous or sequential formation of at least two polymer networks with orthogonal chemistries. − Since IPNs are a highly common approach to structuring photopolymers, an extensive review of all types of IPNs is beyond this Review. We refer interested readers to excellent and timely reviews. ,, Herein, we will restrict the discussion to systematical differences regarding curing strategies and highlight particularly successful examples.…”

Section: Heterogenization Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing

Ahmadi,

Ehrmann,

Koch

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

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Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.

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Section: Interpenetratingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterogenization Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing

Ahmadi,

Ehrmann,

Koch

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…According to the definition of the IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology, an IPN is "A polymer comprising two or more networks that are at least partially interlaced on a molecular scale but not covalently bonded to each other and cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken." [51] IPNs are combinations of polymer networks, at least one of which is synthesized or crosslinked in the presence of the other, [52] it is not a simple blending of two or more preformed networks. If there are un-crosslinked linear or branched macromolecules that are dispersed in the IPN and that can be separated from the network without breaking chemical bonds, then this topology is called a semi-IPN.…”

Section: Network Topologies Of Dpnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[54] For homo-IPNs, the phase separation can be almost completely avoided and a full interpenetrating of polymer chains is obtained since the networks are thermodynamically miscible. [52] Compared with SCNs and DCNs, a synergistic effect of all components is observed in IPNs, [55] which often exhibit improved mechanical properties over single network hydrogels. [56] In addition, IPNs have shown advantages in terms of thermal stability, chemical resistance, and suppression of creep and flow of the hydrogels.…”

Section: Network Topologies Of Dpnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Applications of Dynamic Hydrogels Based on Reversible C═N Bonds

Yang

Fustin

2023

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Dynamic hydrogels offer the opportunity to meet the expectations of smart materials with adaptable properties such as stimuli responsiveness, self‐healing, shear thinning, stress relaxation, dynamic viscoelasticity, energy dissipation mechanisms, time‐dependent adaptation, etc. In the past decades, reversible C=N bonds including imine, hydrazone, and oxime have received great research interest in the design of dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). Moreover, reversible C═N bonds can be well‐integrated into DPNs in combination with permanent covalent crosslinks and/or other dynamic bonds (supramolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bonds), thus outfitting the hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties, multi‐responsiveness, printability, adhesion and various other functions. This literature review first describes how reversible C═N bonds can be introduced into hydrogels from the perspective of dynamic bonds and network topologies. The design strategies (building blocks, crosslink type combinations, network topologies) reported in the literature are then discussed, as well as the effects of dynamic crosslinking on the hydrogel properties and the potential applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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“…Natural polysaccharides (for example, alginates (Alg) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are becoming more and more popular due to their use in the obtaining of materials with a full-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), which provides the improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical resistance, and swelling capacity. Such materials possess biodegradability, good stability, non-cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and economical efficiency, which is why they can be used in engineering materials, biomedical applications, in the drug delivery systems, and as antiadhesive agents [1,2]. Besides full IPNs materials, it is possible to obtain materials based on semi-IPNs, sequential IPNs or sequential semi-IPNs: usually the properties of such materials are almost similar to IPNs material [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fabrication of Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Composites and Drug Release Profiles

et al. 2022

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Recently, hydrogels based on natural water-soluble polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their favorable characteristics. The high water-holding capacity, lack of toxicity, and biodegradability of such hydrogels make it possible to develop new materials on their basis for biotechnological, biomedical, pharmacological, and medical purposes. Sodium alginate is a non-toxic natural polysaccharide found in marine algae. It is capable of forming solid gels under the action of polyvalent cations that cross-link polysaccharide chains. Alginate-based products are popular in many industries, including food processing, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. Cellulose is the most abundant, renewable, and natural polymer on Earth, and it is used for various industrial and biomedical applications. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is useful in pharmaceutical, food, and non-food industries such as tablets, ice cream, drinks, toothpaste, and detergents. In this review, various methods for the preparation of the compositions based on sodium alginate and CMC using different crosslinking agents have been collected for the first time. Additionally, the drug release profile from such polymer matrixes was analyzed.

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Micro‐ and Nano‐structured Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing

From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing

Design and Applications of Dynamic Hydrogels Based on Reversible C═N Bonds

The Fabrication of Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Composites and Drug Release Profiles

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