“…Additionally, the adoption of advanced controllers, such as sliding mode control, fuzzy theory-based control, and adaptive control, requires many adjustable elements as well as an exact mathematical model. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Ultrasonic motors based on a friction force drive have been applied to these controllers, as an ultrasonic actuator has numerous advantages. These include high driving force, high holding force without any power supply, high precision, low magnetic noise, vacuum compatibility, rapid response, compact mechanism, and silent operation.…”