Microbial Bioremediation of Azo Dyes in Textile Industry Effluent: A Review on Bioreactor‐Based Studies

Biotreatment of azo dye containing textile industry effluent by a developed bacterial consortium immobilised on brick pieces in an indigenously designed packed bed biofilm reactor

“…PBBRs permit high volumetric biomass concentration to facilitate the biodegradation of toxic and recalcitrant organic compounds and provide stability against shock loadings. However, the PBBR experiences some severe drawbacks, such as the non-uniform distribution of oxygen and nutrients across the reactor bed (Agrawal et al, 2019). Speci cations are as shown in Table 1; an indigenously designed laboratory-scale PBBR vessel, composed of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) column, was set up to study biodecolorisation and biodegradation e ciency of the developed consortium with real textile industry e uent.…”

“…Many studies on biodegradation of the dye wastewater had been performed using different types of anaerobic reactor con gurations, for instance, sequential batch reactors, uidised beds, up-ow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, rotating biological contactor, and xed/packed bed reactors; and high decolourisation and degradation e ciencies were obtained (You et al, 2010). Fixed lm processes have proven to be advantageous over suspended growth reactors because of their more responsiveness to the removal of xenobiotics, higher biomass retention, and maintenance of slow-growing microbes and activated sludge in terms of higher hydraulic loading rates and more excellent stability against shock loadings (Agrawal et al, 2019). However, the majority of the available data on the treatment of reactive dye-laden wastes describes the usage of various reactors for the treatment of either with single dye solution or simulated dye wastewater or dyeing e uent mixed with simulated municipal wastewater or actual dyeing e uent containing low concentrations (10-100 mg L − 1 ) of respective dye (Sheth and Dave, 2010).…”

Population dynamics of microbial native consortia efficient for textile wastewater degradation

“…Industries employ large amounts of organic and inorganic compounds that end up in the environment without adequate treatment, causing negative effects. 1,2 The degree of environmental damage depends on the volume and composition of the discharged wastewater. Textile industries combine both, the production of great volumes of highly colored wastewater (between 50 and 400 kg L −1 of garments produced) 3 as well as its toxic composition, since it contain salts, heavy metals, dispersing agents, surfactants and dyes, with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD).…”

“…1,4 Azo dyes are the main type of dye used in the textile industry. Large amounts of them remain in the water after the dyeing process and are often discharged into the environment without adequate treatment 2,6 reducing sunlight penetration, primary production and modifying gas solubility in natural water bodies. 2,[5][6][7] Moreover, it has been demonstrated that aromatic amines, a secondary by-product of azo dye degradation, are toxic and mutagenic.…”

“…Large amounts of them remain in the water after the dyeing process and are often discharged into the environment without adequate treatment 2,6 reducing sunlight penetration, primary production and modifying gas solubility in natural water bodies. 2,[5][6][7] Moreover, it has been demonstrated that aromatic amines, a secondary by-product of azo dye degradation, are toxic and mutagenic. 5 In addition to what is mentioned above, the composition of textile wastewater (TW) is not constant and changes according to what is being produced.…”