“…As an rapid and cost-effective analytical tool, aptamer biosensor (aptasensor) has attracted increasing attention for determination of illicit drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, codeine and ketamine (Asghary et al, 2018;Lodha et al, 2014;Mao et al, 2018;Mokhtarzadeh et al, 2015;Roncancio et al, 2014). The signal of sensors from the binding between DNA aptamers and illicit drugs can be detected with colorimetry (Li et al, 2013), fluorescence (Stojanovic et al, 2000) and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectrometry (SERS) (Mao et al, 2018), electrochemistry , and other techniques (Neves et al, 2015;Ya et al, 2015).…”