Microbial hazards associated with pig carcasses and molecular detection of enterotoxigenic &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; at different stages of the slaughter process

Adikwu, Alex A.; Okolocha, Emmanuel C.; Luga, I.I.; Ngbede, Emmanuel O.

doi:10.4314/sokjvs.v17i1.4

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…All the isolates phenotypically multidrug-resistant (MDR), had an MAR index of ≥0.2, which suggests that the isolates originated from a source where antibiotics are used frequently [23]. The high rates of resistance observed towards the β-lactams, penicillins, tetracyclines and macrolides are consistent with the findings from previous studies in animals and animal products, including pigs and pork [10,21,22,24], poultry [25], cattle [26], camels [27] and humans [11,21,25] in Nigeria. This high rate of resistance may not be coincidental, as we hypothesize that it is linked to the well-documented widespread, heavy and unregulated use of these agents in pig production across the country for prophylaxis and therapy [28].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Phenotypic detection, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence profile of staphylococci in the pig production setting, Makurdi, Nigeria

Mamfe

Akwuobu

Ngbede³

2021

Access Microbiology

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Livestock, particularly pigs, have increasingly been recognized as important reservoirs for zoonotic transmission of pathogenic bacteria, including staphylococci. Livestock production systems in developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, are characterized by high misuse/abuse of antimicrobials and a close association between humans and these animals, which promotes the emergence and transmission of resistant and potentially virulent bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics (species distribution, virulence and resistance profile) of staphylococci from smallholder backyard pig farms, slaughter slabs and pig handlers in Makurdi, Nigeria. A total of 330 nasal swabs originating from 300 pigs and 30 in-contact humans were collected and processed. One hundred and thirteen samples [34.2 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 29.1–39.6] comprising 103 (34.3 %; 95 % CI: 29.0–40.0) and 10 (33.3 %; 95 % CI: 17.3–52.8 %) samples from pigs and humans, respectively, were positive for staphylococci, yielding 120 isolates (pigs n=110, humans n=10). The 120 isolates were distributed into 15 species with Staphylococcus aureus (n=25) followed by Staphylococcus cohnii (n=19) and Staphylococcus sciuri (n=14) occurring more frequently. All isolates were resistant to β-lactam (100 %) antibiotics. Resistance to some critical antimicrobials, including linezolid (22 %), vancomycin (19.2 %), gentamicin (7.5%) and the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin (75.8 %) and enrofloxacin (66.7 %), was also observed. Majority (99.2 %) of the isolates displayed a multidrug resistance phenotype with the AMP-C-CIP-E-ENR-FOX-OX-P-S-SXT-TE phenotype being predominant. Overall, 70 % of the isolates expressed the methicillin resistance phenotype, out of which 20 % (n=17) were MRSA. Resistance to serum bactericidal activity and biofilm production were respectively observed in 45 (100 %) and 5 (11.3 %) of the coagulase-positive staphylococci. Our findings demonstrated the occurrence of a high diversity of staphylococci expressing multidrug resistance and potentially virulent phenotypes among healthy swine and pig handlers in small-scale backyard farms in North-Central Nigeria. These findings underscore the potential role of pig production settings in the emergence and dissemination of potentially virulent staphylococci and the importance of the development of antimicrobial resistance monitoring systems/implementation of control measures in developing countries. Proper hygienic practices and control of indiscriminate use and misuse of antibiotics are recommended.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Phenotypic detection, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence profile of staphylococci in the pig production setting, Makurdi, Nigeria

Mamfe

Akwuobu

Ngbede³

2021

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“…The current results demonstrated that all the S.aureus isolated from meat sample contain one or more type of toxin gene (Table 2). When comparing the results of this study with other studies, it was found that the isolation rate is lower than what other researchers found, Adikwu et al (2019) found only 8 (13.8%) from 54(22%) of S. aureus isolated containing enterotoxin genes, But close to the indings of other researchers who found that 95.7% of S. aureus carried the SE genes (Rehab et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…In Karbala city, Mohammed and Alwan (2017) obtain 57 isolates of S. aureus from meats found the percentage of the sea was 20(35%) by using PCR assay, 12 (37.5%) from frozen and 8 (32%) from fresh meat samples. Adikwu et al (2019) found the percentage of the sea was 17.5%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Molecular screening of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins associated with samples of meat / Iraq

Jabuk

Jarallah

2020

ijrps

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Staphylococcus aureus secreted many types of toxins accompanying Intestinal poisoning resulting from eating food contaminated with bacteria or their toxins. Five hundred meat samples were collected from local markets, including fresh, frozen, canned, sausage and hamburger to investigate their contamination with S.aureus and then determined their ability of these isolates to secrete enterotoxins by using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the ratio of isolated S.aureus is 30 (6%) and the percentage of encoding genes for toxins is 30(100%), 0(0%), 3(10), 0(0%),0(0%),3(10), 2(6.7), 1(3.3), 0(0%) and 3(10) to sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, see, sei, sej and sel respectively.The result shows the S.aureus isolated from contamination meat able to produce different type to enterotoxins sea, sec, seg, see, sei, and sel and present the sea toxin is the most prevalence type of staphylococcus enterotoxins.

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“…There was a marked difference in the prevalence of S. aureus from pork samples in the two South African studies reviewed; 14% and 31.5% (Pekana andGreen, 2018, Tanih et al, 2015). Conversely, the prevalence of S. aureus among pork samples from the studies conducted in Nigeria were very high 35% and 53% (Adikwu et al, 2019, Igbinosa et al, 2016.…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 98%

Pigs as a potential source of emerging livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus in Africa: a systematic review

Samutela

Kwenda

Simulundu

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Microbial hazards associated with pig carcasses and molecular detection of enterotoxigenic <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> at different stages of the slaughter process

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Phenotypic detection, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence profile of staphylococci in the pig production setting, Makurdi, Nigeria

Phenotypic detection, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence profile of staphylococci in the pig production setting, Makurdi, Nigeria

Molecular screening of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins associated with samples of meat / Iraq

Pigs as a potential source of emerging livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus in Africa: a systematic review

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