2022
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061236
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Microbubbles Stabilized by Protein Shell: From Pioneering Ultrasound Contrast Agents to Advanced Theranostic Systems

Abstract: Ultrasound is a widely-used imaging modality in clinics as a low-cost, non-invasive, non-radiative procedure allowing therapists faster decision-making. Microbubbles have been used as ultrasound contrast agents for decades, while recent attention has been attracted to consider them as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems. Pioneering microbubbles were Albunex with a protein shell composed of human serum albumin, which entered clinical practice in 1993. However, current research expanded the set of proteins … Show more

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Cited by 24 publications
(20 citation statements)
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“…18,19 Microbubbles (MB), 1 to 5 mm-sized gas-lled vesicles, are the most commonly used agents for contrast-enhanced US imaging and cavitation, as their gaseous core provides echogenicity, which is several orders of magnitude higher than that of solid particles of the same size. [18][19][20][21] Clinically available US contrast agents are based on so, thin, and elastic lipid or protein MB shells that provide excellent oscillation proles and strong US contrast generation. 22,23 However, polymeric materials offer a high degree of control over their physicochemical characteristics by tailoring polymer chain properties (including monomer composition, molecular weight, hydrophobicity, stiffness) that is barely achievable with lipids or proteins.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…18,19 Microbubbles (MB), 1 to 5 mm-sized gas-lled vesicles, are the most commonly used agents for contrast-enhanced US imaging and cavitation, as their gaseous core provides echogenicity, which is several orders of magnitude higher than that of solid particles of the same size. [18][19][20][21] Clinically available US contrast agents are based on so, thin, and elastic lipid or protein MB shells that provide excellent oscillation proles and strong US contrast generation. 22,23 However, polymeric materials offer a high degree of control over their physicochemical characteristics by tailoring polymer chain properties (including monomer composition, molecular weight, hydrophobicity, stiffness) that is barely achievable with lipids or proteins.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…18,19 Microbubbles (MB), 1 to 5 μm-sized gas-filled vesicles, are the most commonly used agents for contrast-enhanced US imaging and cavitation, as their gaseous core provides echogenicity, which is several orders of magnitude higher than that of solid particles of the same size. 18–21 Clinically available US contrast agents are based on soft, thin, and elastic lipid or protein MB shells that provide excellent oscillation profiles and strong US contrast generation. 22,23…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…, lipid-based MB) tend to be preferred since they usually display superior acoustic responses (in terms of echogenicity and oscillation profile), while for drug delivery applications, MB with thicker shells ( e.g. , polymer-based MB) are favored, as they can encapsulate larger quantities of therapeutic cargo. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16 Hence, the cavitation index (i.e., calculated as the power level in the subharmonic range) was recently developed to describe the stable cavitation behavior of MB. 17−19 Surfactants, 20 lipids, 21 proteins, 22,23 and polymers 24,25 can stabilize the MB shell. Although soft-shell lipid MB tend to be clinically preferred for US imaging because of their excellent oscillation profile, hard polymeric MB can outperform their lipid counterparts for drug delivery applications, since their thicker shell can be loaded with higher amounts of drugs and still display very good US contrast capabilities.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Surfactants, lipids, proteins, , and polymers , can stabilize the MB shell. Although soft-shell lipid MB tend to be clinically preferred for US imaging because of their excellent oscillation profile, hard polymeric MB can outperform their lipid counterparts for drug delivery applications, since their thicker shell can be loaded with higher amounts of drugs and still display very good US contrast capabilities. , Poly­(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) is a polymer commonly used for MB synthesis, , since it is biodegradable and used in an FDA-approved surgical glue for wound closure.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%