“…Actively tunable MR fluids consist of Brownian-motion-sustained nano- or microscale soft magnetic particles [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] suspended in nonmagnetic liquids such as mineral oil, natural or mineral fatty acids, silicone oil paraffin, hydrocarbon oil, and silicone oil. Moreover, various additives, such as dispersion stabilizers and surfactants can also be added to MR fluids to prevent gravity sedimentation and enhance stable particle dispersion, increase lubricity, and tune the medium viscosity [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. When an external magnetic field field strength ( H ) is applied, the yield stress and shear viscosity of MR fluids increase by several orders of magnitude, and the MR fluids transform from a fluid-like to a solid-like phase [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”