Microfiltration membranes to produce BSA-stabilized O/W emulsions by premix membrane emulsification

Instrumented small scale extruder to investigate the influence of process parameters during premix membrane emulsification

“…The energy input required to extrude the emulsion through the pores of the membrane decreased during the process because of the decreasing resistance of the smaller droplets. In most previous studies, the pressure was kept constant and an increase in flow rate or flux was observed with increasing number of extrusion cycles [11,13,15]. This observation is in agreement with the results of our experiments, in which the flow rate was kept constant and the emulsifying pressure decreased.…”

“…A general drawback of membrane emulsification is the risk of membrane fouling (interaction, e. g., attachment, of formulation compounds with the membrane) [12]. Most studies performed so far investigated premix-ME for the production of emulsions with particle sizes in the micrometer range [13][14][15], whereas there are only few investigations about the production of nanoemulsions with premix-ME [16,17]. The size of the resulting particles is mainly controlled by the pore size of the membrane and the number of extrusion cycles.…”

“…The influence of the extrusion pressure and the flow rate have been investigated for the preparation of emulsions with a mean droplet diameter above 1 lm [11,18] but the results have not been transferred to nanoemulsion preparation yet. The most commonly used membranes for premix-ME are Shirasu Porous Glass [3,9,11], polycarbonate [13,16,18] and polytetrafluoroethylene [19] membranes. The droplet break-up mechanisms inside the pores and at the outlet side of the membrane are subject of intense research [18,20,21].…”

Controllable preparation of uniform polystyrene nanospheres with premix membrane emulsification

“…Since its advent in 1996, applications of premix membrane emulsification have shown its effectiveness in the preparation of single emulsions, 28,29 multiple emulsions, 30 gel microbeads 31 and polymer microspheres. 32 However, the preparation of polymer nanospheres with premix membrane emulsification has rarely been reported, with a few exceptions in which polylactide nanoparticles and chitosan nanospheres were prepared from polymers.…”

Protein-stabilized emulsions containing beta-carotene produced by premix membrane emulsification

“…To stabilize these emulsions research has been carried out into various emulsifiers such as the mono-, di-and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (Ribeiro et al, 2003;Yin et al, 2008), sucrose monolaurate (Neves et al, 2008;Ribeiro et al, 2006), Tween 20 (Mao et al, 2009;Ribeiro et al, 2005Ribeiro et al, , 2006, whey protein isolate (Mao et al, 2009;Ribeiro et al, 2005Ribeiro et al, , 2006, hydrolyzed whey protein isolate (Ribeiro et al, 2006) and sodium caseinate (Kanafusa et al, 2007). Trentin et al (2009Trentin et al ( , 2010 reported using several microfiltration polymeric membranes in premix ME to produce protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. They found that when BSA was used as an emulsifier in premix ME during the production of O/W emulsions, it caused membrane fouling which reduced the transmembrane flux but which did not affect the droplet size diameter of the resulting emulsion.…”