Microscopy of historic mortars—a review

Elsen, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.006

Cited by 296 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The presence of calcite can be related to the mortar used to fix the tiles onto the façade (Elsen 2006;Prudêncio et al 2012) or to some uncombined CaO derived from the firing of the tiles (Antunes et al 1995). The mortar used in the construction of some of Belém's historical buildings was produced with clay, sand and lime.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mineralogy and chemistry of the German and Portuguese tiles used to face a historic building in the Amazon region and their natural susceptibility to tropical weathering

2013

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During the 19th century, the most prominent buildings of the city of Belém were faced entirely with tiles manufactured in Portugal and Germany, which now exhibit distinct degrees of degradation. The Pinho mansion is one of the most important of these buildings and was selected for the investigation of the action of the tropical Amazonian climate on the degradation of the tiles. To achieve this objective, the tiles were mapped for organic and inorganic degradation, and samples were collected for analysis. The minerals were determined by XRD, the chemical composition by classical wet methods and SEM/EDS, and the microorganisms under the microscope. The results show that the German and Portuguese tiles are quite different in their composition. While both ceramic bodies are composed of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , CaO was found only in the Portuguese tile. The low Na 2 O and K 2 O contents indicate the addition of materials to reduce the fusion temperature. SiO 2 and PbO are the main constituents of the glaze, with CoO and FeO being added as pigment. The ceramic body of the German tiles is constituted of quartz, mullite, and cristobalite, in contrast with the Portuguese tiles, which are made of quartz, gehlenite, diopside, calcite, and feldspars. The glazes are XRD-amorphous. The chemical and mineralogical differences between the German and Portuguese tiles indicate that they were produced from different raw materials under distinct thermal processes. The most prominent weathering-related modifications are the thin layers (German tiles), oxidation stains, dark stains, the detachment of the tile (Portuguese tiles), loss of the glaze and powdering of the ceramic body (Portuguese tiles) through the establishment of Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta.. The distinct degradation patterns of the tiles exposed to the tropical Amazon climate are a consequence of their distinct mineralogy and chemistry. KEYWORDS: German and Portuguese tiles, degradation, tropical weathering, Amazon region Mineralogia e química de azulejos Alemães e Portugueses de prédios históricos na região Amazônica e sua susceptibilidade natural à degradação tropical (intemperismo) RESUMOAs proeminentes edificações da cidade de Belém foram revestidas durante o século 19 com azulejos produzidos em Portugal e Alemanha que já apresentam distintos graus de degradação. O Palacete Pinho é uma das mais importantes destas edificações e foi selecionado para se investigar a ação do clima tropical amazônico sobre a degradação destes azulejos. Para atingir estes objetivos mapearam-se os azulejos desta edificação visando identificar as modificações de origem orgânica e inorgânica e coletas de amostras para análises. Os minerais foram determinados por DRX, a composição química por métodos clássicos úmidos e MEV/SED e os micro-organismos por microscopia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os azulejos Portugueses e Alemães são distintos entre si. Enquanto o biscoito é composto de SiO 2 e Al 2 O 3 , CaO foi encontrado apenas nos Portugueses. Os baixos conteúdos de Na 2 O e K 2 ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mineralogy and chemistry of the German and Portuguese tiles used to face a historic building in the Amazon region and their natural susceptibility to tropical weathering

2013

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“…Desde los primeros trabajos de ensayo, llevados a cabo por Jedrzejewska hasta los sistemáticos de Elsen, se han ido incorporando nuevas técnicas y metodologías como la petrografía, que perfeccionan y mejoran los resultados en el conocimiento de las argamasas históricas (Jedrzejewska, 1960; Gülec y Tulun, 1997; Elsen, 2005).…”

Section: Metodología De Estudiounclassified

Caracterización Macroscópica De Morteros Romanos De Tipo Industrial En Villamanta (Madrid). Primeros Datos

García

Martín

Medel

et al. 2017

ESJ

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The objective of this article is to show the results obtained from the physical and macroscopic characterization of the mortars sampled by Isabel Marqués and Alejandro Bermúdez, archaeological directors of the intervention carried out in El Tejar settlement, in the municipality of Villamanta (Madrid, Spain). The results of this work have determined a relevant typological classification among the samples, highlighting the presence of siliceous aggregates, ceramics in some mortars, a very varied grading and a distribution of the components that have conditioned the conservation. Of the four samples taken -VMT1 to VMT4-one of them has an aqueous pigmentation, belonging to an inside plaster, while the others correspond to lime mortars with aggregates from hydraulic surfaces. The archaeological investigation of the deposit of Villamanta is complemented by an implementation check of lime mortars, being one of the most important Roman context of Madrid. This research add a sequence of new results around the Roman mortars and implements a methodology in the study of the historical mortars.

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“…Kao najprikladniji drugi korak u analizi povijesnih mortova primjenjuje se analiza SEM u kombinaciji s analizom XRD. Pomoću SEM mikroskopa opremljenog EDX detektorom dobivaju se dragocjeni podaci o mineraloškom sastavu [4]. Oznaka EDX označava energetsko disperzivnu analizu X-zrakama (eng.…”

Section: Mineraloška Analiza Originalnog Morta Iz Palače Beylerbeyiunclassified

Istraživanje mehaničkih svojstava ziđa povijesnih zidanih građevina

Lakušić¹

2015

JCE

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Istraživanje mehaničkih svojstava ziđa povijesnih zidanih građevina U ovom se radu određuju mehanička svojstava ziđa povijesne palače Beylerbeyi. Primijenjen je posredan postupak jer vlasnik nije dopustio uobičajena ispitivanja. Na početku je određena mineraloška struktura prvobitno ugrađenog morta. Kasnije su pripremljeni i u laboratoriju ispitani uzorci morta i ziđa. Dobivena mehanička svojstva korigirana su dinamičkom identifikacijom da bi se odredio stvaran modul elastičnosti ziđa. U tu je svrhu obavljena analiza okolnih vibracija te je za palaču izrađen i podešen model konačnih elemenata. Na kraju su korigirani parametri čvrstoće ziđa. Investigation of mechanical properties of masonry in historic buildingsMechanical properties of masonry from the historic Beylerbeyi Palace are analyzed in the paper. The indirect procedure was used as the owner did not allow usual testing. The mineralogical structure of the original mortar was initially determined. This was followed by preparation and laboratory testing of mortar and masonry samples. Mechanical properties obtained were corrected through dynamic identification so as to determine the real modulus of elasticity of the masonry. To this aim, an ambient vibration survey was performed, and the finite-element model of the palace was constructed and tuned. Finally, the strength parameters of the masonry were corrected.

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Microscopy of historic mortars—a review

Cited by 296 publications

References 21 publications

The mineralogy and chemistry of the German and Portuguese tiles used to face a historic building in the Amazon region and their natural susceptibility to tropical weathering

The mineralogy and chemistry of the German and Portuguese tiles used to face a historic building in the Amazon region and their natural susceptibility to tropical weathering

Caracterización Macroscópica De Morteros Romanos De Tipo Industrial En Villamanta (Madrid). Primeros Datos

Istraživanje mehaničkih svojstava ziđa povijesnih zidanih građevina

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