Microwave-to-optical conversion with a gallium phosphide photonic crystal cavity

Hönl, Simon; Popoff, Youri; Caimi, Daniele; Beccari, Alberto; Kippenberg, Tobias J.; Seidler, Paul

doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28670-5

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Further significant electromechanical efficiency increase can be expected from including a bottom electrode instead of our coplanar design, as was recently demonstrated in ref. 36 for GaP. Already with the current generation of devices we demonstrate a record-high single-pump-photon transfer efficiency for a standalone piezoelectric transducer, thanks to the large optomechanical coupling rate provided by the material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide

et al. 2022

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Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference between the frequencies can add significant noise to the transduced signal. Here we exploit the remarkable properties of thin-film gallium phosphide to demonstrate bi-directional on-chip conversion between microwave and optical frequencies, realized by piezoelectric actuation of a Gigahertz-frequency optomechanical resonator. The large optomechanical coupling and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the material allows us to operate the device at optomechanical cooperativities greatly exceeding one. Alternatively, when using a pulsed upconversion pump, we demonstrate that we induce less than one thermal noise phonon. We include a high-impedance on-chip matching resonator to mediate the mechanical load with the 50-Ω source. Our results establish gallium phosphide as a versatile platform for ultra-low-noise conversion of photons between microwave and optical frequencies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…During preparation of the manuscript, we became aware of related work demonstrating microwave-to-optics conversion in gallium phosphide 36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide

et al. 2022

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“…With the rapid development of material science and information technology, however, a remarkable convergence is taking place on the interface between two such originally separate areas, thereby arousing some emerging fields including lightwave electronics and microwave photonics . Among them, the interaction between the optical and microwave fields is a cornerstone for many attractive applications, such as the microwave-to-optical conversion, , electro-optic modulation, coherent quantum transduction, and optically controlled microwave transmission. − Recently, a lot of physical platforms have been constructed to perform the multi-physics field coupling. However, up to now, much effort has been primarily focused on the fiber and on-chip approaches, greatly limiting the application scenarios in wave space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optoelectronic Metasurface for Free-Space Optical–Microwave Interactions

Zhang

Sun

Zhu

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Photon-electron interactions are essential for many areas such as energy conversion, signal processing, and emerging quantum science. However, the current demonstrations are typically targeted to fiber and on-chip applications and lack of study in wave space. Here, we introduce a concept of optoelectronic metasurface that is capable of realizing direct and efficient optical–microwave interactions in free space. The optoelectronic metasurface is realized via a hybrid integration of microwave resonant meta-structures with a photoresponsive material. As a proof of concept, we construct an ultrathin optoelectronic metasurface using photodiodes that is bias free, which is modeled and analyzed theoretically by using the light-driven electronic excitation principle and microwave network theory. The incident laser and microwave from the free space will interact with the photodiode-based metasurface simultaneously and generate strong laser–microwave coupling, where the phase of output microwave depends on the input laser intensity. We experimentally verify that the reflected microwave phase of the optoelectronic metasurface decreases as the incident laser power becomes large, providing a distinct strategy to control the vector fields by the power intensity. Our results offer fundamentally new understanding of the metasurface capabilities and the wave–matter interactions in hybrid materials.

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“…In the microwave domain, the implementations of optomechanical interaction typically behave as a microwave cavity capacitively coupled to a moving mechanical resonator with kilohertz or megahertz vibration frequency [26]. Using parametrical coupling to swap quantum states between microwave and mechanical memory has the advantages of, e.g., not requiring frequency resonance matching [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], achieving near-unit efficiency [36][37][38][39][40][41], and low-noise operation of a superconducting qubit [42,43]. Superconducting drum mechanical resonators made of aluminum have been used to show microwave coherent state storage that adds less than one quantum of noise [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-lived Quantum State Storage Based on Coherent Mechanical Excitations

Liu

Sun

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Mechanical resonators, their capability to host ultralong-lived phonon modes, are particularly attractive for quantum state storage and as memory elements in conjunction with quantum computing and communication devices. Here, we demonstrate mechanical quantum memory based on a high-stressed silicon nitride (SiN) membrane which is sideband cooled down to its ground state. We investigate an itinerant microwave field captured, stored, and retrieved from a mechanical oscillator based on write and readout pulses that have exponential envelopes. By projecting the retrieval transfer pulse to orthogonal and damped oscillatory functions, we determine two quadrature amplitudes and yield a single point in the quadrature phase space that represents the best estimate of the mechanical resonator. The phase space distribution allows us to distinguish between coherent and thermal components and their evolution as a function of the storage time. Benefitting from the long coherence property of the SiN mechanical oscillator, we demonstrate that such mechanical quantum memory performs attractive functions with an energy decay time of T1= 15.9 s, and acquires less than one quantum noise during the Τcoh = 55.7 ms storage period. These results suggest that high-Q mechanical resonators and long coherence time phonons could be ideal candidates for the construction of microwave quantum memories

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Microwave-to-optical conversion with a gallium phosphide photonic crystal cavity

Cited by 43 publications

References 53 publications

Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide

Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide

Optoelectronic Metasurface for Free-Space Optical–Microwave Interactions

Long-lived Quantum State Storage Based on Coherent Mechanical Excitations

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