Midtarsal locking, the windlass mechanism, and running strike pattern: A kinematic and kinetic assessment

Bruening, Dustin A.; Pohl, Michael B.; Takahashi, Kota; Barrios, Joaquin Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.010

Cited by 53 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In Sanchis-Sales et al (2016) study, ground reaction force was attributed to each foot segment (hindfoot, forefoot and hallux) through the use of a pressure sensitive mat, which may contribute to the minor differences seen in our data. In runners with rearfoot strike patterns, Bruening et al (2018) found midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness values of 0.41 ± 0.11 Nm/kg°, which are understandably higher than the values in this study due to the more demanding running task. In order to explore mechanisms which might be associated with midtarsal quasi-stiffness, a secondary analysis was conducted.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

Ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during walking with added mass

Kern

Papachatzis

Patterson

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Examination of how the ankle and midtarsal joints modulate stiffness in response to increased force demand will aid understanding of overall limb function and inform the development of bio-inspired assistive and robotic devices. The purpose of this study is to identify how ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness are affected by added body mass during over-ground walking. Healthy participants walked barefoot over-ground at 1.25 m/s wearing a weighted vest with 0%, 15% and 30% additional body mass. The effect of added mass was investigated on ankle and midtarsal joint range of motion (ROM), peak moment and quasi-stiffness. Joint quasi-stiffness was broken into two phases, dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF), representing approximately linear regions of their moment-angle curve. Added mass significantly increased ankle joint quasi-stiffness in DF (p < 0.001) and PF (p < 0.001), as well as midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness in DF (p < 0.006) and PF (p < 0.001). Notably, the midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during DF was ~2.5 times higher than that of the ankle joint. The increase in midtarsal quasi-stiffness when walking with added mass could not be explained by the windlass mechanism, as the ROM of the metatarsophalangeal joints was not correlated with midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness (r = −0.142, p = 0.540). The likely source for the quasi-stiffness modulation may be from active foot muscles, however, future research is needed to confirm which anatomical structures (passive or active) contribute to the overall joint quasi-stiffness across locomotor tasks.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

Ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during walking with added mass

Kern

Papachatzis

Patterson

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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“…The metatarsophalangeal joints function as a dissipater of large amounts of energy during running and sprinting, particularly when a passive dorsiflexion occurs at the foot contact transition from the metatarsal heads onto the toes, but fail to generate any energy at push off by remaining in that position (Stefanyshyn and Nigg, 1997). Since the less experienced runners displayed larger angles of hallux dorsiflexion during this transition between midstance to push off, they would be expected to have greater soft tissue tension, such as in the toe flexor muscles and tendons, and plantar fascia (Bruening et al, 2018). However, since there was little or no metatarsophalangeal plantar flexion, there was more energy dissipated by the passive structures, leading to less efficient propulsion in the following phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition of Foot-Ankle Movement Patterns in Long-Distance Runners With Different Experience Levels Using Support Vector Machines

Suda

Watari

Matias

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Running practice could generate musculoskeletal adaptations that modify the body mechanics and generate different biomechanical patterns for individuals with distinct levels of experience. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether foot-ankle kinetic and kinematic patterns can be used to discriminate different levels of experience in running practice of recreational runners using a machine learning approach. Seventy-eight long-distance runners (40.7 ± 7.0 years) were classified into less experienced (n = 24), moderately experienced (n = 23), or experienced (n = 31) runners using a fuzzy classification system, based on training frequency, volume, competitions and practice time. Three-dimensional kinematics of the foot-ankle and ground reaction forces (GRF) were acquired while the subjects ran on an instrumented treadmill at a self-selected speed (9.5-10.5 km/h). The foot-ankle kinematic and kinetic time series underwent a principal component analysis for data reduction, and combined with the discrete GRF variables to serve as inputs in a support vector machine (SVM), to determine if the groups could be distinguished between them in a onevs.-all approach. The SVM models successfully classified all experience groups with significant crossvalidated accuracy rates and strong to very strong Matthew's correlation coefficients, based on features from the input data. Overall, foot mechanics was different according to running experience level. The main distinguishing kinematic factors for the less experienced group were a greater dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and a larger plantarflexion angles between the calcaneus and metatarsals, whereas the experienced runners displayed the opposite pattern for the same joints. As for the moderately experienced runners, although they were successfully classified, they did not present a visually identifiable running pattern, and seem to be an intermediate group between the less and more experienced runners. The results of this study have the potential to assist the development of training programs targeting improvement in performance and rehabilitation protocols for preventing injuries.

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“…The similarity may arise from the fact that both models include the MTP joint, because hopping requires a considerable MTP joint range of motion, which is captured by the 3MFM and 5MFM. An additional, albeit slightly unrelated consideration, is that the presence of the MTP joint may also better capture intrinsic foot mechanics such as the windlass mechanism, which occurs with dorsiflexion of the MTP joint, increases plantar fascia tension, and transitions the arch from compliant to rigid and generates propulsion . Thus, the MTP joint in 3MFM and 5MFM may better capture the range of motion and perhaps other intrinsic muscle mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Number of Segments Within Musculoskeletal Foot Models Influences Ankle Kinematics and Strains of Ligaments and Muscles

Kim

Kipp

2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Multi‐segment foot models (MFMs) are becoming a common tool in musculoskeletal research on the ankle‐foot complex. The purpose of this study was to compare ankle joint kinematics as well as ligament and muscle strains that result from MFM with a different number of segments during vertical hopping. Ten participants were recruited and performed double‐limb vertical hops. Marker positions and ground reaction forces were collected. Two‐segment (2MFM), three‐segment (3MFM), and five‐segment MFM (5MFM) were used to calculate ankle kinematics and the strains of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments and of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Ranges of motion and peak strains were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc tests, whereas the time‐series of the ankle kinematics and ligament and muscle strains were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping. There were significant main effects for MFM in the talocrural joint range of motion and peak strains of ligaments and muscles. In addition, there were significant main effects for MFM in time‐series data of the talocrural joint angle as well as for ligament and muscle strains. In all cases, the post hoc analyses showed that the 2MFM consistently overestimated the range of motion and tissue strains compared to the 3MFM and 5MFM, while 3MFM and 5MFM did not differ from each other in the most variables. This study showed that the number of segments in MFM significantly affects the biomechanical estimates of joint kinematics and tissue strains during hopping. Clinical significance: MFM that combine all foot structures beyond the talus into one segment likely overestimate ankle joint biomechanics. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2231–2240, 2019

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Midtarsal locking, the windlass mechanism, and running strike pattern: A kinematic and kinetic assessment

Cited by 53 publications

References 33 publications

Ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during walking with added mass

Ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during walking with added mass

Recognition of Foot-Ankle Movement Patterns in Long-Distance Runners With Different Experience Levels Using Support Vector Machines

Number of Segments Within Musculoskeletal Foot Models Influences Ankle Kinematics and Strains of Ligaments and Muscles

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