Mild desalination of various raw water streams

Abstract

For chemical industries, fresh water availability is a pre-requisite for sustainable operation. However, in many delta areas around the world, fresh water is scarce. Therefore, the E4 Water project (www.e4water.eu) comprises a case study at the Dow site in Terneuzen, The Netherlands, which is designed to develop commercial applications for mild desalination of brackish raw water streams from various origins to enable reuse in industry or agriculture. This study describes an effective two-stage work process, which was used to narrow down a broad spectrum of desalination technologies to a selection of the most promising techniques for a demonstration pilot at 2-4 m³/hour. Through literature study, laboratory experiments and multi-criteria analysis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis reversal were selected, both having the potential to attain the objectives of E4Water at full scale.

Lowering the fresh water footprint of cooling towers: A treatment-train for the reuse of discharged water consisting of constructed wetlands, nanofiltration, electrochemical oxidation and reverse osmosis

“…The reuse of CTW in the cooling tower itself is limited by the chemical composition of the discharged CTW. CTW generally has an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5-5 mS/cm (Wagner et al, 2018(Wagner et al, , 2020aAhmed et al, 2020), while typically an EC of <1 mS/cm is required for its reuse in the cooling tower (Groot et al, 2015). Besides, Groot et al (2015) established concentration limits for water to be used in the cooling tower for chloride (<150 mg/L), phosphate (<1 mg/L), suspended solids (<1 mg/L) and total organic carbon (TOC) (<15 mg/L).…”

Abwasser zu Prozesswasser – zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze

“…Wie das Projekt am gro ¨ßten europa ¨ischen Standort von Dow bei Terneuzen (NL) zeigt, kann mit der Wiederverwendung von kommunalem Abwasser eine o ¨kologisch sinnvolle und finanziell attraktive Lo ¨sung fu ¨r Kommunen, Industrie und Wasserversorger sowie fu ¨r die Umwelt geschaffen werden [5]. Wasser in hoher Qualita ¨t und Reinheit ist fu ¨r Dow in vielen Produktionsschritten unabdingbarer Rohstoff.…”

Impact of transformation, photodegradation and interaction with glutaraldehyde on the acute toxicity of the biocide DBNPA in cooling tower water

“…[1][2][3] After the cooling process, large volumes of cooling tower water (CTW) need to be discharged when the mineral concentration threshold is reached, for instance at an electric conductivity (EC) of >4500 μS cm −1 . 4 The reuse of brackish CTW after treatment in the cooling tower itself could significantly mitigate future fresh water scarcity problems. 3 CTW has to be desalinated prior to its reuse in the cooling tower.…”

“…3 CTW has to be desalinated prior to its reuse in the cooling tower. 4 However, physicochemical desalination processes are hampered by CTW components, such as phosphate, nitrate and conditioning chemicals (CCs), that induce for instance fouling of reverse osmosis membranes. 5 To prevent technical problems, these fractions have to be removed prior to physico-chemical desalination.…”