Milk and dairy products

Milking Hygiene and Handling Practices among Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Zanzibar

“…Hygienic milk production, handling and processing are key issues in promoting livestock production. This is consistent with other studies where a poor environment at local milk processing was revealed [9], [13], [40]. However, setting and enforcing milk quality and safety standards is mainly targeted at the formal dairy chain, with no enforcement in the informal dairy chain, although only a small fraction of the total milk supply is accounted for by the formal chain.…”

“…Our findings are also consistent with studies in Mali by [37] and in Kenya by [38], where most farmers, milk traders and bars held milk at ambient temperatures due to lack of cooling systems. Accordingly, milk cooling is not a common practice along the dairy chain, monitoring of milk safety and quality parameters is limited, particularly for pathogenic bacteria, indicating a risk for milk safety [9]. Further, at least about 52% of respondents were able to ensure that milking equipment is sanitized with potable water or water free of pathogens.…”

“…In most developing countries, important technical, economic, and cultural constraints create suboptimal conditions for the hygienic production of milk [8]. In practice, scholars e.g., [9] have already identified various causes of Various factors ranging from pre-milking conditions (e.g., the health status of the lactating animals) to post-milking conditions (e.g., improper handling, storage, and processing) @ are responsible for low microbiological quality and safety of milk and milk products. Standard Operation Protocols (SOPs) require dairy producers to maintain the safety and quality of their raw milk to satisfy the highest expectations of the food industry and consumers [10].…”

“…In addition, taking into account Tanzania as a whole, still, empirical analysis on hygienic milking and practices is limited. Manyof studies [9], [18]- [25] targeted much on experimental and laboratorybased analyses while leaving aside roots causes of contamination, milking hygiene practices. This paper intended to assess milking hygiene and handling practices among small scale dairy farmers in Zanzibar.…”

El mercado de trabajo femenino en una ciudad de interior: Segovia 1860-1905

“…Hasta la construcción de los lavaderos públicos en la ciudad en la primera mitad del siglo XX 48 , las lavanderas debían bajar al río de forma diaria 49 , con los problemas que ello conllevaba; desde la climatología, la caída de alguna roca debido al escarpado del terreno 50 o las disputas ocasionadas 51 .…”