Millimeter-Wave Power Amplifier Integrated Circuits for High Dynamic Range Signals

Wang, Hua; Asbeck, P.M.; Fager, Christian

doi:10.1109/jmw.2020.3035897

Cited by 72 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 134 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…The objective of this section is to familiarize the reader with the fundamental background, state-of-the-art proposals, approaches, and application scenarios of the three PD paradigms when developing MIMO technology for 5G BS modules. The summary of general and relevant surveys [15], [44]- [48] and magazine articles [19], [49]- [52] pertaining directly or indirectly to the PD linearization schemes or technology can be found in Table I and III, respectively.…”

Section: Background: From An Eye Of Recent Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another developing linearization trend for B5G cellular BSs is to operate the PAs with wide DR signals. For this purpose, Wang et al [48] presents the latest review, which analyzes a typical impact of MMW PAs on residual TX subsystems with an eye on large DR modulation signals. Moreover, the paper addresses the variants of load modulation networks (LMN) in semiconductor technologies and their proficiency in supporting MMW modulation bandwidths.…”

Section: A Digital and Analog Linearization Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Haider

You

et al. 2022

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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The next-generation (5G/6G) wireless communication aims to leapfrog the currently occupied sub-6 GHz spectrum to the wideband millimeter-wave (MMW) spectrum. However, MMW spectrums with high-order modulation schemes drive the power amplifier (PA) at significant back-off, causing severe nonlinear distortions, thus deteriorating the transceiver's (TRXs) modulation process. Typically, the TRX efficacy is quantified with standardized linearization matrices, which take advantage of different predistortion (PD) schemes to handle deep compression of the PA. In this regard, TRX baseband signals are mostly linearized in the digital domain, where digitally controlled linearization needs higher sampling rates due to increasing MMW bandwidths to compensate for intermodulation (IMD) products, resulting in increased system cost and power consumption. Alternately, the digitally controlled analog-based linearization, i.e., the hybridization of digital predistortion (DPD) and analog predistortion (APD), is highly productive and cost-effective for fulfilling the linearized energy-efficient design vision of MMW networks. Therefore, this paper puts an extensive spotlight on the progress in PD-based linearization for 5G and beyond communications. It first provides background information on the advancements of PD schemes through recent surveys, then classifies the general roadmap of PD waveform processing across the TRX system models as preliminary. After this, we present three prominent PD architectures and their design approaches with intrinsic performance metrics. Finally, we explore four case studies encompassing PD operation under certain nonlinear constraints of different communication schemes. We examine the suitability of PD-based linearization solutions, both existing and proposed till the first quarter of 2022, and identify the potential prospects in this domain.

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Section: Background: From An Eye Of Recent Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Digital and Analog Linearization Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Haider

You

et al. 2022

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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“…An alternative is the current-mode DPA such as the inverse class-D, which realizes higher output power as its output voltage swing can exceed its supply voltage, but may exhibit large nonlinearities due to distortion [9][10][11][12], except for some recent designs for AM-PM compensation [13]. Due to the increased PAPR in complex modulation schemes, PAs with PBO efficiency enhancement have become essential to ensure overall high system efficiency [14]. A fully integrated digital Doherty PA was first demonstrated in [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact CMOS Broadband Bidirectional Digital Transceiver Frontend With Capacitor Bank and Transformer Matching Network Reuse

et al. 2022

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This article presents a fully integrated bidirectional class-G digital Doherty switched capacitor transmitter (TX) and N-path Quadrature receiver (RX) in CMOS. Through sharing on-chip capacitor banks, typically occupying a major portion of the digital TX or RX chip area, as well as the RF passive matching networks, the overall size can be radically reduced. Moreover, the overall performance could be further improved by eliminating the need for an integrated T/RX switch and its corresponding loss and area overhead. The class-G operation is used within the Doherty TX to increase the output power and backoff efficiency, while the capacitive stacking technique is used in the RX to increase the voltage gain. A transformer network is used to present the optimum impedance for both the parallel Doherty TX and RX mode of operation, as well as the class-G Doherty active load modulation. As a proof-of-concept, the joint bidirectional class-G digital Doherty switched-capacitor TX and N-path Quadrature RX through capacitor bank sharing is implemented in a 45-nm CMOS SOI process. The TX demonstrates a Pout 1dB bandwidth (BW) of 1.6-3.1 GHz, a fractional BW >63%, and peak output power (Pout) of 22.5dBm at 2.4GHz. The peak drain efficiency (DE) of the TX is 49.5% at 1.8GHz and 41.5%/38.7%/31.6%/18.1% for the peak/2.5/6/12dB power back off (PBO) at 2.4GHz. The DE improvement compared to class-B PA is 1.24×/1.51×/1.72× at 2.5/6/12dB PBO. The TX is measured using 64-QAM/20MHz modulation without the use of AM-PM pre-distortion or pattern based DPD. It achieves an excellent -27.1dB EVM, -31.31dBc ACLR, 14.6dBm average Pout and 25.8% average DE at 1.6GHz. The RX achieves a noise figure (NF) of 7.6dB at 2.2GHz and a conversion gain of 17dB with a 12 MHz bandwidth. In addition, the proposed RX front-end achieves < -60 dBm LO leakage over the operating frequency range INDEX TERMS capacitor stacking, class-G DPA, CMOS, digital front-end, Doherty, linearity, N-path filter, polar modulation, power back off, transformer.

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“…High data rates and small antenna separation at mm-wave frequencies necessitate high integration. CMOS implementation of mm-wave transmitters enables tight integration of high-efficiency digital circuits with analog front ends at modest power levels suitable for array antennas [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Cartesian IQ-modulator uses two RF-DACs with a 90°phase offset to generate I-and Q-components; but combining these without losses and impairments is complex. Direct summation of the RF components causes cross-modulation distortion; this may be addressed with 2D digital predistortion (DPD) [2], which is however considered unrealistic for high-bandwidth systems [1]. A proper combiner can avoid such distortion, at costs in loss and area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 2 × 6b 8 GS/s 17–24-GHz I/Q RF-DAC-Based Transmitter in 22-nm FDSOI CMOS

Aberg

Fager

Svensson

2021

IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett.

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We describe a 2×6 bit Cartesian RF IQ-modulator, implemented on 0.15 mm 2 in a 22 nm FDSOI CMOS technology. Measurements show a 3 dB bandwidth of 17-24 GHz and a saturated output power of 10.4 dBm with a peak drain efficiency of 15.6 %. The IQ-modulator has been verified up to 8 GS/s. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest-frequency CMOS RF IQ-modulator using sub-50 %-duty-cycle LO signals, and the highest sample rate reported for >3 bit fully integrated Cartesian IQ-modulators.

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Millimeter-Wave Power Amplifier Integrated Circuits for High Dynamic Range Signals

Cited by 72 publications

References 134 publications

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

Predistortion-Based Linearization for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Transceiver Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

A Compact CMOS Broadband Bidirectional Digital Transceiver Frontend With Capacitor Bank and Transformer Matching Network Reuse

A 2 × 6b 8 GS/s 17–24-GHz I/Q RF-DAC-Based Transmitter in 22-nm FDSOI CMOS

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