“…Yet since its introduction the combined notions of objective and subjective vitality have remained useful as conceptual tools for discussing a broad range of applied and theoretical issues within the language and ethnicity literature. These notions have been most fruitfully applied to issues related to cross-cultural communication (Bourhis, 1984b;Gudykunst, 1986;Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey, 1990;Sachdev & Bourhis, 1990a;b), language attitudes (Genesee & Bourhis, 1988;Ryan, Giles & Sebastian, 1982), ethnolinguistic behaviours (Giles & Johnson, 1981;Yaeger-Dror, 1988;van den Berg, 1988) as well as language acquisition and bilingualism (Clement, 1980;Giles & Byrne, 1982;Garrett, Giles & Coupland, 1989;Landry & Allard, 1988) and language maintenance and loss (Giles & Johnson, 1987;Giles, Leets & Coupland, 1990). …”