“…These include Mulligan (2013), Nishi (2016), Davis, Souza, and Hernandez (2017), and Torres Filho, Marins, and Miaguti (2017), as summarized in table 4 by highlighting the objective, data, time domain, definition, thresholds for financing regimes (hedge, speculative, and Ponzi), and measurement for each. 8 We use the first and the last available of these studies (Mulligan [2013] andTorres Filho, Marins, andMiaguti [2017]) to classify our sample of non-bond-issuing and bond-issuing firms for the years 2010 and 2015 into hedge, speculative, and Ponzi categories according to the criteria and thresholds provided by the authors.…”