Mitigation Studies Based on the Contribution of Chlorides and Acids to the Formation of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Glycidyl Esters in Palm Oil

Capristo, Maisa Freitas; Leme, Fernanda M.; Ferrari, Roseli Aparecida; Sampaio, Klicia Araújo; Arisseto, Adriana Pavesi; Vicente, Eduardo

doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00084

“…One of the precursors of 3-MCPDE formation is chlorine, which the correlations between chlorine content in palm oil and 3-MCPDE level in its refined oil have established by many researchers (Matthäus et al, 2011, Chew & Saparin, 2021, Tivanello et al, 2021. In palm oil, chlorine-containing compounds could come from the plantation, i.e.…”

Section: Reducing Precursor Of 3-mcpde and Ge In Palm Fruits And Crud...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Elisabeth

2023

MP

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Among consumed-vegetable oils, RBDPO (refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil) is indicated containing higher level of 3-MCPDE and GE, which have been classified as potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic to human. Those contaminants in RBDPO are formed during deodorization process with high temperature and also correlate with chloride content and quality of CPO as raw material. The maximum limit for 3-MCPDE and GE content in vegetable oil has been set at 2500 and 1000 µg kg-1, and as low as 750 and 500 µg kg-1 when used for production of baby food and cereal-based foods for infants and young children. The mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in RBDPO is quite challenging for palm oil refineries in producing a good quality of palm oil in term of sensory, stability, safety, and nutritional value, especially in Indonesia. It has been proven that modification of conventional refining process can reduce the 3-MCPDE and GE content. They are including pre-treatment of CPO by water washing to reduce the chloride content, alkali neutralization to remove any acids present in the oil prior to deodorization, using neutral bleaching earth, adding antioxidants after bleaching to reduce free radical-mediated formation of 3-MCPDE and GE, lowering the deodorization temperature with a longer time, and even double bleaching and/or double deodorization of the palm oil. Post-refining treatment using specific adsorbents is also applied to remove the 3-MCPDE and GE. However, palm oil refineries have to apply combination of several mitigation strategies to adequately reduce the levels of 3-MCPDE and GE, including using good quality of CPO with low FFA, chloride, and oxidized components content.

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“…One of the precursors of 3-MCPDE formation is chlorine, which the correlations between chlorine content in palm oil and 3-MCPDE level in its refined oil have established by many researchers (Matthäus et al, 2011, Chew & Saparin, 2021, Tivanello et al, 2021. In palm oil, chlorine-containing compounds could come from the plantation, i.e.…”

Section: Reducing Precursor Of 3-mcpde and Ge In Palm Fruits And Crud...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Elisabeth

2023

E-Journal Menara Perkebunan

1

0

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Among consumed-vegetable oils, RBDPO (refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil) is indicated containing higher level of 3-MCPDE and GE, which have been classified as potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic to human. Those contaminants in RBDPO are formed during deodorization process with high temperature and also correlate with chloride content and quality of CPO as raw material. The maximum limit for 3-MCPDE and GE content in vegetable oil has been set at 2500 and 1000 µg kg-1, and as low as 750 and 500 µg kg-1 when used for production of baby food and cereal-based foods for infants and young children. The mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in RBDPO is quite challenging for palm oil refineries in producing a good quality of palm oil in term of sensory, stability, safety, and nutritional value, especially in Indonesia. It has been proven that modification of conventional refining process can reduce the 3-MCPDE and GE content. They are including pre-treatment of CPO by water washing to reduce the chloride content, alkali neutralization to remove any acids present in the oil prior to deodorization, using neutral bleaching earth, adding antioxidants after bleaching to reduce free radical-mediated formation of 3-MCPDE and GE, lowering the deodorization temperature with a longer time, and even double bleaching and/or double deodorization of the palm oil. Post-refining treatment using specific adsorbents is also applied to remove the 3-MCPDE and GE. However, palm oil refineries have to apply combination of several mitigation strategies to adequately reduce the levels of 3-MCPDE and GE, including using good quality of CPO with low FFA, chloride, and oxidized components content.

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“…Selain itu, pengendapan klorida juga dipengaruhi oleh praktik manusia berupa irigasi dan pemupukan yang dapat berkontribusi secara nyata. Adsorben yang memiliki kandungan klorida tidak dapat diabaikan dan kemungkinan dapat berkontribusi pada pembentukan kontaminan (Tivanello et al 2021). Senyawa klorin adalah prekursor yang sangat diperlukan untuk pembentukan 3-MCPDE dan tidak hanya bergantung pada jumlah prekursor saja, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan klorida dalam minyak (Wang et al 2020).…”

Section: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Tanah Pengelantang Terpilih Pada Prekur...unclassified

Jenis dan Konsentrasi Tanah Pengelantang untuk Menurunkan Prekursor Senyawa 3-MCPDE dan GE pada Pemucatan CPO

Sari

¹

,

Wulandari

²

,

Sitanggang

³

et al. 2023

J. Ilmu. Pertan. Indones.

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Refined palm oil contains contaminants such as 3-monochloropropane diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) which are formed from diacylglycerol (DAG) and chloride (Cl) as precursors during processing. There is a need to control the levels of precursors especially during the bleaching stage using selected bleaching earth (BE). Reducing the number of precursors after the bleaching stage will minimize the formation of 3-MCPDE and GE in bleached palm oil (BPO) for the next refinery stage. The research consisted of three stages: (1) characterization of raw materials consisting of CPO, BE types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; (2) study on the effect of BE type; and (3) study on the concentration effect of selected BE for reducing DAG and Cl by chemical analysis of oil quality. The results showed that degummed palm oil (DPO) contained DAG of 6.70%, free fatty acid 5.66%, carotene 424.31 mg/kg, P 20.30 mg/kg, and Fe <0.021 mg/kg. The five types of BE have different physicochemical properties on which the effect will be seen on BPO. The second stage results showed that BE-4 was selected as the most potential BE. Using BE-4 of 2.5% was proven to reduce total Cl as 3-MCPDE precursors in the resulted BPO sample. The Cl level decreased to 3.05 mg/kg with the largest decrease percentage of 55.80% compared to DPO sample. BE-4 concentration of 2.5% has been able to withstand and prevent the increase of DAG as a precursor to GE contaminants during bleaching process. Keywords: 3-monokloropropanadiol ester, chloride, diacylglycerol, glycidyl ester, palm oil

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Mitigation Studies Based on the Contribution of Chlorides and Acids to the Formation of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Glycidyl Esters in Palm Oil

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Jenis dan Konsentrasi Tanah Pengelantang untuk Menurunkan Prekursor Senyawa 3-MCPDE dan GE pada Pemucatan CPO

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