“…So, it is necessary to resort to the empirical and the semi-empirical methods, which are based on the available experimental data as well as the ECPSSR calculations. Over the years, more accurate data became available for the M-shell ionization by light ions (Amirabadi, Afarideh, Haji-Saeid, Shokouhi, & Peyrovan, 1997;Bie nkowski et al, 1990;Braich et al, 1996;Braich, Verma, & Verma, 1997;Busch, Baskin, Nettles, Shafroth, & Waltner, 1973;Cipolla, 1995;De Castro Faria, Freire, De Pinho, & Da Silveira, 1983;Gressett et al, 1989;Ishii, Morita, Tawara, Kaji, & Shiokawa, 1975;Jask oła et al, 2000;Jesus & Ribeiro, 1989;Mehta, Duggan, Price, McDaniel, & Lapicki, 1982, Mehta et al, 1983Pajek et al, 1990aPajek et al, , 1990bPajek et al, , 1990cPajek et al, , 1999Pajek et al, , 2006Sarkar, Mommsen, & Sarter, 1981;Shokouhi et al, 1996;Thornton, McKnight, & Karlowicz, 1974). Nevertheless, the theoretical predictions deviate significantly, especially at low energies, from the experimental data exceeding sometimes a level of quoted experimental uncertainties.…”