Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a roadway tunnel study

Benner, Bruce A.; Gordon, Glen E.; Wise, Stephen A.

doi:10.1021/es00068a014

Cited by 264 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As PAHs are semi-volatile, some of the particle-phase compounds may have been emitted originally as gases in hot exhaust and then may have condensed onto existing particles as the mixture cooled. Studies of vehicle emissions have shown that larger PAHs, in particular benzo [ghi]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and coronene, are emitted in gasoline-fueled vehicle exhaust (Marr et al, 1999;Miguel et al, 1998;Zielinska et al, 2004b), while alkylated phenanthrenes are associated with diesel vehicles (Benner et al, 1989). Concentrations of benzo [ghi]perylene and methylphenanthrenes are highest in the morning, although the diurnal patterns of these two PAHs differ.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Understanding sources, concentrations, and transformations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere is important because of their potent mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The measurement of particlebound PAHs by three different methods during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 presents a unique opportunity for characterization of these compounds and intercomparison of the methods. The three methods are (1) collection and analysis of bulk samples for time-integrated gas-and particle-phase speciation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; (2) aerosol photoionization for fast detection of PAHs on particles' surfaces; and (3) aerosol mass spectrometry for fast analysis of size and chemical composition. This research represents the first time aerosol mass spectrometry has been used to measure ambient PAH concentrations and the first time that fast, real-time methods have been used to quantify PAHs alongside traditional filter-based measurements in an extended field campaign. Speciated PAH measurements suggest that motor vehicles and garbage and wood burning are important sources in Mexico City. The diurnal concentration patterns captured by aerosol photoionization and aerosol mass spectrometry are generally consistent. Ambient concentrations of particlephase PAHs typically peak at ∼110 ng m −3 during the morning rush hour and rapidly decay due to changes in source activity patterns and dilution as the boundary layer rises, although surface-bound PAH concentrations decay faster. The more rapid decrease in surface versus bulk PAH concentraCorrespondence to: L. C. Marr (lmarr@vt.edu) tions during the late morning suggests that freshly emitted combustion-related particles are quickly coated by secondary aerosol material in Mexico City's atmosphere and may also be transformed by heterogeneous reactions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

et al. 2006

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“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, arising mainly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, organic materials, and wood (Benner et al 1989;Baek et al 1991). Anthropogenic activities such as vehicles exhaust, residential heating, and power generation are considered to be the principal PAHs sources to the environment (Mastral and Callen 2000;Mcdonald et al 2000;Wornat et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A source study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shenzhen, South China

Liu

Tong

Luong

et al. 2009

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Roadways and sidewalks have been shown to exhibit the highest outdoor concentrations for many air pollutants and elevated concentrations of elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been recorded in tunnels and on heavily traveled roadways (Benner et al, 1989;Venkataraman et al, 1994;Kirchstetter and Harley, 1999). In-vehicle concentrations have been shown to be higher than those measured at fixed site monitors and in some cases higher than those measured along roadways (Shikiya et al, 1989;Ptak and Fallon, 1994;Lawryk and Weisel, 1995;Rodes et al, 1998;Alm et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the range of children's air pollutant exposure during school bus commutes

Sabin

Behrentz

Winer

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Real-time and integrated measurements of gaseous and particulate pollutants were conducted inside five conventional diesel school buses, a diesel bus with a particulate trap, and a bus powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) to determine the range of children's exposures during school bus commutes and conditions leading to high exposures. Measurements were made during 24 morning and afternoon commutes on two Los Angeles Unified School District bus routes from South to West Los Angeles, with seven additional runs on a rural/suburban route, and three runs to test the effect of window position. For these commutes, the mean concentrations of diesel vehicle-related pollutants ranged from 0.9 to 19 mg/m 3 for black carbon, 23 to 400 ng/m 3 for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PB-PAH), and 64 to 220 mg/m 3 for NO 2 . Concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde ranged from 0.1 to 11 mg/m 3 and 0.3 to 5 mg/m 3 , respectively. The highest real-time concentrations of black carbon, PB-PAH and NO 2 inside the buses were 52 mg/m 3 , 2000 ng/m 3 , and 370 mg/m 3 , respectively. These pollutants were significantly higher inside conventional diesel buses compared to the CNG bus, although formaldehyde concentrations were higher inside the CNG bus. Mean black carbon, PB-PAH, benzene and formaldehyde concentrations were higher when the windows were closed, compared with partially open, in part, due to intrusion of the bus's own exhaust into the bus cabin, as demonstrated through the use of a tracer gas added to each bus's exhaust. These same pollutants tended to be higher on urban routes compared to the rural/suburban route, and substantially higher inside the bus cabins compared to ambient measurements. Mean concentrations of pollutants with substantial secondary formation, such as PM 2.5 , showed smaller differences between open and closed window conditions and between bus routes. Type of bus, traffic congestion levels, and encounters with other diesel vehicles contributed to high exposure variability between runs.

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Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a roadway tunnel study

Cited by 264 publications

References 20 publications

Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

A source study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shenzhen, South China

Characterizing the range of children's air pollutant exposure during school bus commutes

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