“…Models capable of resolving fine-scale hydrodynamics and sediment transport within the WBBL include ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models (e.g., Winterwerp, 2001;Bakhtyar et al, 2009;Hsu et al, 2009); Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) models (e.g., Zedler and Street, 2001;Chang and Scotti, 2004;Harris and Grilli, 2012); and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), which resolves all scales of turbulent flow without the use of a closure model (e.g., Bhaganagar and Hsu, 2009;Ozedmir et al, 2010). Recent advancements have also included capturing the feedback between sediment and fluid within the WBBL, such as utilizing mixture theory within unfiltered Navier-Stokes equations to capture sand ripple dynamics (Penko et al, 2011(Penko et al, , 2013. Models for resolving the motion of cm-sized particles such as SOAs or cobbles have been developed using balance-of-force approaches assuming the particle is driven primarily by the freestream flow, neglecting influences of the WBBL (e.g., Voropayev et al, 1998Voropayev et al, , 2001, but these models do not capture interactions with bed forms.…”