“…Utilizing the input datasets, the SLEUTH model sets out five growth parameters (i.e., diffusion, breed, spread, slope resistance, and road gravity) and four growth types (i.e., spontaneous growth, new spreading center growth, edge growth, and road-influenced growth) to refine the calibration and finalize the urban growth prediction [ 26 , 27 ]. In building the exclusion layer, water bodies, wetlands, and reserved forest have mostly been used in previous studies, while, factors related to ecological security are scarcely mentioned [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 ]. As a matter of fact, it is evident that ESP covers a much larger extent than the conservation area [ 10 , 11 ].…”