Modeling repeated coseismic slip to identify and characterize individual earthquakes from geomorphic offsets on strike-slip faults

Lin, Zhenzhi; Liu‐Zeng, Jing; Weldon, Ray J.; Tian, Jing; Ding, Chao; Du, Yu

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116313

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The rupture ranges of different earthquakes are not necessarily the same; therefore, it is more reasonable to analyze each rupture segment individually [50][51][52]. The offset distribution of the four rupture segments falls into multiple separate clusters (Figure 8).…”

Section: Offset Distribution Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have distinguished seismic events from dense offset data sets by calculating the COPD to identify clusters in the frequency distribution of seismic events, thereby revealing the rupture history and recurrence patterns of strong earthquakes and providing valuable information about the potential future behavior of faults [54,55]. Lin et al [52] concluded that the interpretation of paleoearthquake events by COPD should ensure the following three points: (1) original historical coseismic slip data are used; (2) the coefficient of variation (CoV) value is relatively low; (3) there are sufficient offset measurement data. In this study, the coseismic offset of the Fuyun fault caused by the 1931 earthquake is well recorded, the CoV value is used to evaluate the regularity of cumulative offsets, and the global historical coseismic surface rupture segments have an average CoV value of approximately 0.58 [52,56].…”

Section: Cumulative Offset and Coseismicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lin et al [52] concluded that the interpretation of paleoearthquake events by COPD should ensure the following three points: (1) original historical coseismic slip data are used; (2) the coefficient of variation (CoV) value is relatively low; (3) there are sufficient offset measurement data. In this study, the coseismic offset of the Fuyun fault caused by the 1931 earthquake is well recorded, the CoV value is used to evaluate the regularity of cumulative offsets, and the global historical coseismic surface rupture segments have an average CoV value of approximately 0.58 [52,56]. Here, we follow the method described in previous studies to calculate CoV values of 0.23, 0.26, 0.32, and 0.28 for each rupture segment [8,18].…”

Section: Cumulative Offset and Coseismicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Slip Distribution and Earthquake Rupture Model of the Fuyun Fault, China, Based on High-Resolution Topographic Data

et al. 2021

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The characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures, such as geometry, slip distribution, and coseismic deformation, contain important information about the earthquake rupture process, and so investigations and analyses of earthquake surface rupture have played a crucial role in modern earthquake hazard studies, especially with the increasing availability of high-resolution topographic and imagery data for tectono-geomorphic interpretation. In this study, we use Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to build a 1 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the fault and combine this with filed observations to map the surface ruptures of the 1931 M8.0 Fuyun earthquake, China. These high-resolution topographic data enable to identify and measure the displaced gullies, and so the rupture locations and along-strike slip distribution are obtained in detail. Four paleoearthquake events are identified through the offset cluster characteristics. The coseismic offset of the 1931 Fuyun earthquake is extracted from the offset distribution, which shows four continuous undulations along the fault strike, corresponding to the four segments of surface rupture. Moreover, a high offset gradient is observed in the step area connected by the rupture segment. These findings, combined with the width and bending angle of the step area at the joint of the rupture segment, indicate that the 1931 Fuyun earthquake was a cascade rupture formed by four rupture segments. This study expands the available offset measurement data of Fuyun fault and confirms the applicability of high-resolution topographic data to active tectonic research.

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Section: Offset Distribution Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cumulative Offset and Coseismicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cumulative Offset and Coseismicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Slip Distribution and Earthquake Rupture Model of the Fuyun Fault, China, Based on High-Resolution Topographic Data

et al. 2021

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“…However, even with these sampling distributions informed by field measurements, the ordering of events is not necessarily predicted by CV of sampling distributions, nor of individual paths, alone (Figures 7a and 8a). Previous compilations of single event displacement suggest that single-event displacement is less variable than recurrence interval with a global CV of ∼0.5-0.6 (e.g., Hecker et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2020;Nicol et al, 2016), but understanding these relationships through time can prove challenging with poorer and less certain recovery of per-event displacement for older and older events. With more detailed and longer records of both recurrence and single-event displacement collected along faults and within fault systems, a potential relationship may emerge to aid in understanding the true independence of recurrence and single-event displacement through time (e.g., Shimazaki & Nakata, 1980;Weldon et al, 2004).…”

Section: Implications For Geologistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single event displacement and recurrence interval distribution constraints for Wallace Creek are derived from field studies at the Bidart Fan, <10 km to the southeast. Ludwig et al (2010) showed 15.9 m of offset accrued in the last five earthquakes at the nearby Bidart Fan site, producing a mean displacement of 3.2 m. Using this mean value, we construct a Gaussian distribution with a mean of 3.2 m and standard deviation of 1.9 m (CV of SED distribution ∼0.6; Hecker et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2020;Nicol et al, 2016) evaluated over 0.1 and 10 m. Truncating the distribution to prevent negative SED values induces a right-hand skew to the distribution while honoring the field observations incorporated in the pre-truncated parameterization of the SED distribution. Therefore, the SED sampling distribution mean and standard deviation are adjusted prior to truncation to maintain a mean of 3.2 m in the SED sampling distribution after truncation (CV of final distribution remains ∼0.6).…”

Section: San Andreas Fault Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

STEPS: Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations Applied to the San Andreas and Toe Jam Hill Faults to Redefine Geologic Slip Rate Uncertainty

Hatem

Gold

Briggs

et al. 2021

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Geologic slip rates are time-averaged approximations of fault displacement derived from field-based observations of geomorphic evolution at a given site or reach of a fault. They are defined as the quotient of net offset to the time over which that offset accumulated. In this basic case, an offset feature is measured (d) and an age (t) is assigned to that offset feature, yielding a slip rate calculated as d/t. The uncertainty on the age of the feature and amount of offset are combined to provide the uncertainty about the mean rate. Examples of geomorphic offset features include fluvial terraces (e.g.,

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Surface slip variability on strike‐slip faults

Reitman

Mueller

Tucker

2022

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Slip in strike-slip earthquakes is spatially variable along a fault, but the degree to which variability over short length scales is inherent to the rupture process or introduced by interpretation and measurement has not been quantified. In this study, we examine the effects of interpretation error on apparent short-wavelength variability in surface slip distributions by comparing numerical landscape evolution models and recent ruptures on strike-slip faults measured by hand and with image correlation.Surface slip distributions measured by hand from 63 strike-slip earthquakes have average spatial variability (CV slip-spatial = standard deviation/mean) of 0.43-0.52, and a total range of 0.14-1.14. Displacement measurements of offset geomorphic markers from numerical models that simulate constant slip along a fault have average spatial variability of $0.25-0.40 when measured by hand and no spatial variability when measured by image correlation. Slip distributions from seven recent ruptures measured by image correlation have short-wavelength variability of 0.09-0.29, which is considered inherent to how rupture propagates to the surface. Our results demonstrate that variability innate to the rupture process and introduced by interpretation both contribute substantially to the observed variability in slip distributions measured by hand. Resolving the extent to which short-wavelength variability is inherent to rupture propagation through near-surface material versus an artifact of interpretation furthers understanding of the relationship between surface rupture and fault mechanics and informs interpretation of slip distribution and slip-per-event in past earthquakes.

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Modeling repeated coseismic slip to identify and characterize individual earthquakes from geomorphic offsets on strike-slip faults

Cited by 22 publications

References 54 publications

Surface Slip Distribution and Earthquake Rupture Model of the Fuyun Fault, China, Based on High-Resolution Topographic Data

Surface Slip Distribution and Earthquake Rupture Model of the Fuyun Fault, China, Based on High-Resolution Topographic Data

STEPS: Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations Applied to the San Andreas and Toe Jam Hill Faults to Redefine Geologic Slip Rate Uncertainty

Surface slip variability on strike‐slip faults

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