“…The stimuli and target images used in previous studies of visual complexity perception include abstract patterns [14,21], outline images and hieroglyphs [22], texture images [23][24][25], grayscale images [26], paintings [16,19,20], webpages [27,28], and real-world images [8,13,18]. Thus, in conventional studies of visual complexity perception, the research objects have been limited to two-dimensional (2D) images.…”