Modeling the Unfrozen Water Content of Frozen Soil Based on the Absorption Effects of Clay Surfaces

Jin, Xiao; Yang, Wensheng; Gao, Xiaoqing; Zhao, Jianqi; Li, Zhenchao; Jiang, Jiahu

doi:10.1029/2020wr027482

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The recently developed heat pulse method and its combination with time/frequency domain reflectometry method may provide a solution for this [15,[99][100][101]. Mechanisms for determining the magnitude of unfrozen soil water content in frozen soils are still not clear and models used to predict unfrozen water content or soil freezing/thawing characteristics are still at their infancy [84,102]. In addition, more studies are required to understand how unfrozen soil water content and the increased freeze-thaw cycles would affect microbial activity, carbon and nitrogen cycles and the associated greenhouse gas emission, thickness of active layers [103,104], and landscape change [62,[105][106][107] under climate change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The papers of 143 [77], 54 [78], 57 [79], 105 [80], 129 [81], 152 [82], 247 [76], and 279 [83] incorporated effects of unfrozen soil water into heat transfer processes to better understand the characteristics of soil freezing and thawing processes and frozen soil permeability or infiltrability. However, the mechanisms defining the magnitude of unfrozen water content still remain unclear and more studies are required [84]. The left column is the year that corresponds to the node on the horizontal line.…”

Section: The Most Recognized Journalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Scientometric Review of Research Status on Unfrozen Soil Water

Feng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Water

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Unfrozen soil water affects the physical, chemical, hydrological, and mechanical properties of frozen soils, and climate change makes these relationships more complicated. The objective of this study was to investigate the research status of unfrozen soil water using scientometrics. Publications on unfrozen water in frozen soil (UWFS) retrieved from the Web of Science were analyzed with scientometric software tools including VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and HistCite Pro. The annual publication trend, co-authorship of authors, organizations, and countries, and the co-occurrence of keywords were analyzed. The most utilized journals and high-impact publications were identified. The results showed that 2007 (the year the “Bali Road Map” was released) represents a turning point (from slow to rapid) in the development of research on unfrozen water in frozen soil. Researchers and organizations from China and the United States are the major contributors, while Cold Regions Science and Technology is the most utilized journal for publishing research pertaining to UWFS. Currently, there is still a lack of reliable and user-friendly methods and techniques for measuring unfrozen water content. Future efforts are required to understand the mechanisms governing the magnitude of unfrozen water content and to develop new approaches to accurately and rapidly measure unfrozen water content in both laboratory and in situ.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Most Recognized Journalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scientometric Review of Research Status on Unfrozen Soil Water

Feng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Water

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“…This effect contributes to the steepest part of the curve shown in figure 1 (Tian et al, 2014). As the curve flattens, the unfrozen water content is composed progressively of more adsorbed water (Tian et al, 2014) that is tightly bound to the soil particles, and depending on the soil type, may form a film that completely separates the ice in the pore space from the soil grains (Jin et al, 2020). Soils in which this liquid water film occurs are termed 'solid-liquid-solid' (SLS) soils and are predominantly clays, where soil particles often carry a negative electrical charge (Koopmans and Miller, 1966).…”

Section: Constructing An Sfccmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, 'solid-to-solid' (SS) soils have pore ice in contact with soil particles, such as occurs in sandy soils (Koopmans and Miller, 1966). The soil type (SLS or SS) defines the residual water content -the liquid water left that does not freeze (or freezes extremely slowly) -as temperature continues to decrease (Jin et al, 2020). For example, studies of clays have found substantial liquid water fractions on the order of 20 m 3 /m 3 at temperatures as low as -25 • C (Bittelli et al, 2004b;Kong et al, 2022).…”

Section: Constructing An Sfccmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Repository of 100+ Years of Measured Soil Freezing Characteristic Curves

Devoie

Gruber

McKenzie

2022

Preprint

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Abstract. Soil freeze-thaw processes play a fundamental role in the hydrology, geomorphology, ecology, thermodynamics and soil chemistry of a cold-regions landscape. In understanding these processes, the temperature of the soil is used as a proxy to represent the soil ice content through a soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC). This mathematical construct relates the soil ice content to a specific temperature for a particular soil. SFCCs depend on many factors including soil properties (e.g., porosity, composition, etc.), soil pore water pressure, dissolved salts, (hysteresis in) freezing/thawing point depression, and degree of saturation, all of which can be site-specific and time varying. SFCCs have been measured using various methods for diverse soils since 1921, and to date this data has not been broadly compared, in part because it has not previously been compiled in a single data set. The dataset presented in this publication includes SFCC data digitized or received from authors, and includes both historic and modern studies. The data is stored in an open-source repository, and an R package is available to facilitate its use. Aggregating the data has pointed out some data gaps, namely that there are few studies of coarse soils, and comparably few in-situ measurements of SFCCs in mountainous environments. It is hoped that this dataset will aid in the development of SFCC theory, and improve SFCC approximations in soil freeze-thaw modelling activities.

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“…Early empirical observations of freezing point depression were provided by laboratory experiments reported by Koopmans and Miller (1966) and Williams (1970). Freezing point depression is understood to occur because, in any individual soil pore, the effects of solutes and the attractive forces generated with the soil solids (capillarity and adsorption forces, Jin et al., 2020) reduce the free energy of the liquid water, such that the temperature must be less than

T_{0}

for the phase transition to occur. Freezing point depression is therefore attributed to (a) capillarity and adsorption effects (hereafter capillary effects, Spaans & Baker, 1996; Williams & Smith, 1989, p. 5; Zhou et al., 2018), and (b) the presence of salts (Williams & Smith, 1989, p 5; Williams, 1970, p. 16; Williams, 1964; Watanabe & Mizoguchi, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve That Represents the Dominant Role of Salt Exclusion

Amankwah

Ireson

Maulé

et al. 2021

Water Resources Research

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The phenomenon of freezing point depression in frozen soils results in the co‐existence of ice and liquid water in soil pores at temperatures below 273.15 K (0°C), and is thought to have two causes: (a) capillary and adsorption effects, where the phase transition relationship is modified due to soil‐air‐water‐ice interactions, and (b) solute effects, where the presence of salts lowers the freezing temperature. The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFC) characterizes the relationship between liquid water content and temperature in frozen soils. Most hydrological models represent the SFC using only capillary and adsorption effects with a relationship known as the Generalized Clapeyron Equation (GCE). In this study, we develop and test a salt exclusion model for characterizing the SFC, comparing this with the GCE‐based model and a combined salt‐GCE effect model. We test these models against measured SFCs in laboratory and field experiments with diverse soil textures and salinities. We consistently found that the GCE‐based models under‐predicted freezing‐point depression. We were able to match the observations with the salt exclusion model and the combined model, suggesting that salinity is a dominant control on the SFC in real soils that always contain solutes. In modeling applications where the salinity is unknown, the soil bulk solute concentration can be treated as a single fitting parameter. Improved characterization of the SFC may result in improvements in coupled mass‐heat transport models for simulating hydrological processes in cold regions, particularly the hydraulic properties of frozen soils and the hydraulic head in frozen soils that drives cryosuction.

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Modeling the Unfrozen Water Content of Frozen Soil Based on the Absorption Effects of Clay Surfaces

Cited by 54 publications

References 46 publications

A Scientometric Review of Research Status on Unfrozen Soil Water

A Scientometric Review of Research Status on Unfrozen Soil Water

A Repository of 100+ Years of Measured Soil Freezing Characteristic Curves

A Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve That Represents the Dominant Role of Salt Exclusion

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