Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

Owaidah, Almoaid; Olaru, Doina; Bennamoun, Mohammed; Sohel, Ferdous; Khan, R. Nazim

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3083265

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The study in [12] presents agent-based modeling on the possible spreading of COVID-19 during Hajj Rituals. Another study models crowd through discrete event simulation covering Tawaf and Sayee Rituals during Hajj [13]. However, similar to all the earlier studies, none of these studies has focused on crowd evacuation in the extended stoning area through efficient exit planning that we do in this study.…”

Section: Agent-based and Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Crowd Evacuation in Hajj Stoning Area: Planning through Modeling and Simulation

et al. 2022

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Pilgrimage is one of the largest mass gatherings, where millions of Muslims gather annually from all over the world to perform Hajj. The stoning ritual during Hajj has been historically vulnerable to serious disasters that often cause severe impacts ranging from injuries to death tolls. In efforts to minimize the number and extent of the disasters, the stoning area has been expanded recently. However, no research has been carried out to study the evacuation effectiveness of the current exit placements in the area, which lies at the heart of effective minimization of the number and extent of the disasters. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth study on emergency evacuation planning for the extended stoning area. It presents a simulation model of the expanded stoning area with the current exit placement. In addition, we suggested and examined four different exit placements considering evacuation scenarios in case of no hazard as well as two realistic hazard scenarios covering fire and bomb hazards. The simulation studied three stoning phases, beginning of stoning, during the peak hour of stoning, and ending of stoning at three scales of population sizes. The performance was measured in the light of evacuation time, percentage of evacuees, and percentage of crowd at each exit. The experimental results revealed that the current exits are not optimally positioned, and evacuation can be significantly improved through introducing a few more exits, or even through changing positions of the current ones.

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Section: Agent-based and Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Speed and travel time in Ziara [12] COVID spreading Agent-based Spread of infection during Tawaf and Ramy al-Jamarat [13] Crowd modeling Discrete event…”

Section: Agent-based and Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowd Evacuation in Hajj Stoning Area: Planning through Modeling and Simulation

et al. 2022

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“…Controlling the crowd at the Sa'i site was also tackled [218]. Almoaid et al studied Tawaf and Sa'i jointly using ExtendSim, which is a discrete event simulation tool [219]. Other efforts focused on crowd management in Mina, which is a very important part of a pilgrim's journey, as pilgrims stay in Mina the most.…”

Section: G Crowd Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solving Hajj and Umrah Challenges Using Information and Communication Technology: A Survey

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2022

IEEE Access

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Hajj and Umrah are Muslims' religious pilgrimages to Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Hajj is considered the largest annual gathering in the world. In Islam, each and every able-bodied adult is obligated to go for Hajj at least once in his/her lifetime. Hajj takes place between the 8 th and the 13 th day of Dhul Hijjah, which is the last month of the Islamic year while Umrah, the minor pilgrimage, could be done any time of the year. In Hajj, pilgrims, also known as Hajjis, travel around 15 km and pilgrims have the choice to do it by foot, bus or by train. The Hajj journey starts from Mina, which is considered the largest tent city in the world because it hosts more than 10,000 fire resistant tents, and includes various religious rituals. Around 3 million Muslims from more than 183 countries make Hajj every year and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is working on increasing this number. Since 1989, researchers in various ICT domains have tried leveraging their expertise in solving challenges and issues related to Hajj and Umrah. Although several papers have surveyed efforts using technology in Hajj and Umrah research, none of them was comprehensive. In this paper, I classified research efforts that used information and communication technologies for solving Hajj and Umrah challenges over the past 33 years based on their applications in 10 categories. I also identified more than 30 technologies used by researchers all over the world to address Hajj and Umrah issues and group research efforts based on these technologies for ease of access. Furthermore, open challenges were discussed and new technologies that could be used to address these challenges were proposed.

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“…Studies have been done to model secure and effective evacuation of mass gatherings such as the Hajj pilgrimage as proposed by Owaidah et al, 3 where two Hajj rituals, Tawaf and Sayee, are simulated jointly using discrete evacuation simulation, and large festivals as by Ronchi et al, 4 where evacuation modeling of large-scale music festival using Pathfinder is presented. This includes everyday pedestrian public sites such as shopping complexes and underground subways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of crowd behavior and cooperation strategies during evacuation

et al. 2022

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Crowd dynamics have constituted a hotspot of research in recent times, particularly in areas where developmental progress has taken place in crowd evacuation for ensuring human safety. In high-density crowd events which happen frequently, panic or an emergency can lead to an increase in congestion which may cause disastrous incidents. Crowd control planning via simulation of people’s movement and behavior can promote safe departures from a space, despite threatening circumstances. Up until now, the evolution of distinctive types of crowd behavior towards cooperative flow remains unexplored. Hence, in this paper, we investigate the impact of potential crowd behavior, namely best-response, risk-seeking, risk-averse, and risk-neutral agents in achieving cooperation during evacuation and its connection with evacuation time using a game-theoretic evacuation simulation model. We analyze the crowd evacuation of a rectangular room with either a single-door or multiple exits in a continuous space. Simulation results show that mutual cooperation during evacuation can be realized when the agents’ population is dominated by risk-averse agents. The results also demonstrate that the risk-seeking agents tend toward aggressiveness by opting for a defector strategy regardless of the local crowd densities, while other crowd behavior shows cooperation under high local crowd density.

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Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Crowd Evacuation in Hajj Stoning Area: Planning through Modeling and Simulation

Crowd Evacuation in Hajj Stoning Area: Planning through Modeling and Simulation

Solving Hajj and Umrah Challenges Using Information and Communication Technology: A Survey

The role of crowd behavior and cooperation strategies during evacuation

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