Modification of the Illinois Reference Standard Amino Acid Mixture

Sasse, C.; Baker, David H.

doi:10.3382/ps.0521970

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This extensive research during the 1960s and the 1970s culminated in several versions of the “chick AA requirement standard” for the first three weeks post-hatching [33-36]. Reference values were given in the Dean and Scott Standard [33], the Huston and Scott Reference Standard [34], the modified Sasse and Baker Reference Standard [35], and the Baker and Han’s Ideal Chick Protein [36] (Table 1). The common features shared by these different recommended standards of dietary AA requirements by chickens are that the diets included: (a) all EAA that are not synthesized by chickens; (b) several AA (cystine, glutamate, glycine, proline, and tyrosine) that are synthesized from either EAA or α-ketoglutarate plus ammonia by animals to various extents; and (c) no data on alanine, aspartate, asparagine, glutamine, or serine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the content of proline plus hydroxyproline in the body of chickens was not known at that time, the relatively small amount of proline in the recommended ideal protein was only arbitrarily set and could limit responses of the animals to dietary EAA in their maximal growth and production performance. In contrast, very large amounts of glutamate (e.g., 13 times the lysine value in the modified Sasse and Baker Reference Standard) [35] were used to presumably provide for the entire need for “nonspecific AA N”. However, key questions regarding whether glutamate fulfilled this role and whether excess glutamate might interfere with the transport, metabolism and utilization of other AA in chickens were not addressed by the Illinois investigators [33-36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

2014

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

274

209

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins in all animals. Based on growth or nitrogen balance, amino acids were traditionally classified as nutritionally essential or nonessential for mammals, birds and fish. It was assumed that all the “nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAA)” were synthesized sufficiently in the body to meet the needs for maximal growth and optimal health. However, careful analysis of the scientific literature reveals that over the past century there has not been compelling experimental evidence to support this assumption. NEAA (e.g., glutamine, glutamate, proline, glycine and arginine) play important roles in regulating gene expression, cell signaling, antioxidative responses, fertility, neurotransmission, and immunity. Additionally, glutamate, glutamine and aspartate are major metabolic fuels for the small intestine to maintain its digestive function and to protect the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. Thus, diets for animals must contain all NEAA to optimize their survival, growth, development, reproduction, and health. Furthermore, NEAA should be taken into consideration in revising the “ideal protein” concept that is currently used to formulate swine and poultry diets. Adequate provision of all amino acids (including NEAA) in diets enhances the efficiency of animal production. In this regard, amino acids should not be classified as nutritionally essential or nonessential in animal or human nutrition. The new Texas A&M University’s optimal ratios of dietary amino acids for swine and chickens are expected to beneficially reduce dietary protein content and improve the efficiency of their nutrient utilization, growth, and production performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

2014

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

274

209

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“…The optimal ratios of Leu, His, and Phe + Tyr with digestible Lys respectively for starter phase in the literature are 107%, 27%, 119% (Dean and Scott, 1965), 126%, 32%, 95% (Huston and Scott, 1968), 110%, 36%, 100% (Sasse and Baker, 1973), 109%, 36%, 100% (Baker and Han, 1994), and 107%, 36%, and 115% (Dorigam et al, 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine, histidine, and leucine to digestible lysine for performance and breast yield in broilers

et al. 2017

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Three experiments were carried out to estimate the optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine (Phe + Tyr), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) relative to digestible lysine (Lys) for performance and carcass criteria of Cobb-500 broilers from 8 to 17 d of age. In each experiment, 160 male chicks were allocated to a completely randomized experimental design with eight replicate pens, each receiving five dietary treatments. A common, semi-purified basal diet was formulated to meet all dietary recommendations except for those of the tested amino acids (i.e., Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu). Growth performance and carcass characteristics data were analyzed using various requirement-estimation models, including 95% of the quadratic regression, linear response plateau (LRP; i.e., stepwise regression), LRP-to-quadratic regression ratio; and quadratic broken line (QBL). Graded digestible Phe + Tyr ratios elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and linear responses (P < 0.05) in breast and breast fillet weights. Linear effects (P < 0.05) were also observed when graded ratios of digestible His were fed for feed intake and weight gain, and quadratic responses (P < 0.05) were noted for feed conversion ratio and breast and breast fillet weights and yields. Graded Leu ratios elicited quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, and breast and breast fillet weight and yield. Based on growth and carcass parameters, the estimated ideal digestible ratios of Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu relative to digestible Lys were 112, 38, and 104%, respectively, for broiler chicks raised from 8 to 17 d of age.

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“…Thirty-six chicks were divided into six groups of 6 chicks each. Three groups of chicks were fed 14.8% protein equivalent (PE) diets as described by Sasse and Baker (1973) containing either 1, 3, or 5% sodium bicarbonate (Table 1). Three groups of chicks were fed 44.6% PE diets with either 1, 3, or 5% sodium bicarbonate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asparagine and Glutamine Metabolism in Chicks

Coon

Balling

1984

Poultry Science

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In a series of four experiments, asparaginase and glutaminase activity was measured in liver and kidney tissue of 7- to 19-day-old male broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, chicks were fed purified amino acid diets with 14.8 and 44.6% protein equivalents (PE) with 1, 3, or 5% added sodium bicarbonate. In Experiments 2, 3, and 4 the chicks were fed a 23% protein basal control diet, basal diet containing 5% ammonium chloride, and basal diet containing 5% ammonium chloride with 5 or 10% sodium bicarbonate, asparagine, or glutamine. In Experiments 2 and 4 the chicks were also fed 25, 50, or 75% protein-isolated soy-purified diets. The 44.6% PE diet increased liver and kidney asparaginase activity in chicks as compared to chicks fed a 14.8% PE diet. The addition of sodium bicarbonate to the 44.6% PE amino acid diet decreased the kidney asparaginase activity equivalent to kidney asparaginase activity of chicks fed the 14.8% PE diet. Asparaginase activity increased 4-fold in the kidneys of chicks fed the 23% protein basal diet containing 5% ammonium chloride and the pH of the urine from the chicks was 4.9. Chicks fed basal diets with 5% ammonium chloride plus 10% sodium bicarbonate or asparagine had the same kidney asparaginase activity and urine pH as chicks fed the 23% protein basal control diet. Glutamine added to chick diets containing 5% ammonium chloride did not decrease the kidney asparaginase activity or the urine acidity. Liver asparaginase activity was not increased in acidotic chicks fed diets with 5% ammonium chloride. The asparaginase activity of liver and kidney tissue were both significantly increased in chicks fed 75% protein-isolated soy purified diets and the pH of their urine was 5.6. The increase in liver asparaginase of chicks fed 75% protein or 44.5% PE diets was probably due to an endocrine gluconeogenic response producing increased catabolism of the majority of amino acids. The increase in kidney asparaginase of chicks fed 75% protein, 44.5% PE diets, and 23% protein basal diets with 5% ammonium chloride was primarily related to metabolic acidosis. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity was localized in chick kidney mitochondria and was heat sensitive (55 C for 30 sec). The phosphate-independent glutaminase (PIG) activity was primarily localized in chick kidney mitochondria but was stable to a temperature of 55 C for 30 sec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Modification of the Illinois Reference Standard Amino Acid Mixture

Cited by 57 publications

References 9 publications

Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

Estimation of optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine, histidine, and leucine to digestible lysine for performance and breast yield in broilers

Asparagine and Glutamine Metabolism in Chicks

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