2022
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200205
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Modified Low Molecular Weight Pure and Engineered Gels: A Review of Strategies towards Their Development

Abstract: Low Molecular Weight (LMW) amphiphiles are promising class of chemicals that often enable gelation through formation of supramolecular self-assemblies driven by physical forces such as hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. These gels are of prime importance for wide range of biomedical applications like 3D-cell culture, enzyme immobilization, drug delivery, self-healing bandages etc. due to their ease of fabrication, biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of modification and reversibility. Howe… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(3 citation statements)
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References 173 publications
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“…Supramolecular gel represents an emerging class of materials that configure three‐dimensional (3D) fibrous networks of low‐molecular‐weight gelators (LMWGs) in a suitable solvent using noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, π⋅⋅⋅π stacking, dipolar interactions, donor–acceptor interactions etc., providing a structure that is continuous and has macroscopic dimensions [1–25] . LMWGs are small organic compounds with a molecular mass of typically less than 2000 Da and which have the remarkable ability to entrap organic solvents (organogels) and pure water (hydrogels) even at low concentrations of the gelator [26–47,106] . A material is considered a gel if the entire liquid volume is immobilized at a definite concentration termed the critical gelation concentration (CGC), typically tested through the “tube inversion” method.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Supramolecular gel represents an emerging class of materials that configure three‐dimensional (3D) fibrous networks of low‐molecular‐weight gelators (LMWGs) in a suitable solvent using noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, π⋅⋅⋅π stacking, dipolar interactions, donor–acceptor interactions etc., providing a structure that is continuous and has macroscopic dimensions [1–25] . LMWGs are small organic compounds with a molecular mass of typically less than 2000 Da and which have the remarkable ability to entrap organic solvents (organogels) and pure water (hydrogels) even at low concentrations of the gelator [26–47,106] . A material is considered a gel if the entire liquid volume is immobilized at a definite concentration termed the critical gelation concentration (CGC), typically tested through the “tube inversion” method.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…24−27 Although GNPs have exhibited the potential for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of a variety of bioactives with low water solubility (i.e., nile red and efavirenz, 28 rose bengal and hypericine, 29 rhodamine 123, 30 curcumin, 31,32 curcuminaldehyde, 33 sunscreen, 34 indomethacin and ketoconazole, 35 metallophthalocyanine, 36 flurbiprofen, 37 β-carotene, 38 coumarin, 39 paclitaxel, 40,41 and doxorubicin 42 ), they are still relatively seldom used. The commercially available 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) is the most commonly used LMWG for GNPs, 25,28,[34][35][36][37]40,41 and thus the development of new custom LWMGs offers the opportunity to form gels with a wider variety of organic liquids 43,44 as well as introduce other interesting properties to trigger different types of stimuliresponsive systems that could enable tunable release characteristics. 45−47 Recently, we reported a family of versatile and efficient LMWGs based on N-alkylated primary oxalamides (i.e., AOx24, Figure S1) for a variety of different organic solvents, which were also biocompatible with mouse mast cells.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…LMWGs undergo reversible, hierarchical self-assembly to mostly form one-dimensional aggregates or nanofibers that can further entangle to form a volume spanning self-assembled fibrillar network (SAFIN). , The process can be reversibly triggered by a variety of different stimuli, but most commonly heat, and is driven by the formation of noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and van der Waals and metal–ligand interactions. , Bulk organogels from LMWGs can be easily downsized to aqueous colloidal dispersions of gelled-oil nanoparticles (GNPs) via a two-step process in which emulsified oil droplets are typically generated via a hot emulsification process followed by cooling. Although GNPs have exhibited the potential for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of a variety of bioactives with low water solubility (i.e., nile red and efavirenz, rose bengal and hypericine, rhodamine 123, curcumin, , curcuminaldehyde, sunscreen, indomethacin and ketoconazole, metallophthalocyanine, flurbiprofen, β-carotene, coumarin, paclitaxel, , and doxorubicin), they are still relatively seldom used. The commercially available 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) is the most commonly used LMWG for GNPs, ,, ,, and thus the development of new custom LWMGs offers the opportunity to form gels with a wider variety of organic liquids , as well as introduce other interesting properties to trigger different types of stimuli-responsive systems that could enable tunable release characteristics. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%