2023
DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002466
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Molecular Biomarkers in Thyroid Eye Disease: A Literature Review

Hans Olav Ueland,
Mikael Thomassen Neset,
Paal Methlie
et al.

Abstract: Purpose: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves disease. Patients may be severely affected with eyelid retraction, exophthalmos, diplopia, pain, and threatened vision. Autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor have shown associations with pathophysiological and clinical traits. Autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is in current clinical use as biomarker, but not with unamb… Show more

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