Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates present in tap water of public toilets

Abstract

Background The present study was carried out to investigate the tap water quality of public toilets in Amritsar, Punjab, India. Methods Water samples from the taps of the public toilets were collected in sterile containers and physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was performed using standard methods. Also, genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the bacterial isolates was performed using different biochemical tests and 16S ribosomal RNA analysis. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using antibiotics based on their mode of action. A biofilm assay was performed to assess the adhesion potential of the isolates. Results A total of 25 bacterial isolates were identified from the water samples, including Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter pittii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus marisflavi, Bacillus flexus, Bacillus oceanisediminis, Pseudomonas otitidis, Pseudomonas sp. RR013, Pseudomonas sp. RR021, Pseudomonas sp. RR022, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the antibiotics cefodroxil, aztreonam, nitrofurantoin, cefepime, ceftazidime and amoxyclav were found to be mostly ineffective against various isolates. The biofilm assay revealed the weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers among them. Conclusions The tap water in the public toilets was microbially contaminated and needs to be monitored carefully. The antibiotic susceptibility profile showed that of 25 bacterial isolates, 5 were multidrug resistant. Bacterial isolates exhibited strong to weak adhesion potential in the biofilm assay.

Epididymo-Orchitis Caused by POM-1 Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas otitidis in an Immunocompetent Patient: Case Report and Molecular Characterization

“…It is a gram-negative, motile rod typically positive for oxidase, and they have non-fluorescent pigment-producing colonies for most but not all strains [16,17]. It belongs to the family Pseudomonadaceae as part of the P. aeruginosa group (P. aeruginosa, P. alcaligenes, and P. otitidis) [18,19]. The closest pseudomonal spp.…”

“…P. otitidis was isolated from many environmental sources, such as soil, plants [17], food sources [24], different water bodies, sewage [25], and public toilets [18]. A recent article reported the presence of P. otitidis in the sewage water of Taif city in Saudi Arabia [26].…”

Biodegradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals benzyl butyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate by Bacillus marisflavi RR014

“…The strain RR014 was identified to the genus level by observing colony morphology and performing various biochemical tests such as indole test, Voges-Proskauer test, methyl red test, Simmons citrate agar test, triple sugar iron, motility, oxidation/fermentation, enzyme production (oxidase, catalase and urease), and carbohydrate fermentation (glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol, lactose). For 16S rRNA gene analysis, DNA of the strain RR014 was isolated from the overnight grown culture in LB medium as previously described by Kaur et al (2019). The 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial isolate was amplified in a reaction mixture (20 µl) using primers: 27F…”

<p>In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Spices Powder of some Medicinal Plants Against <em>Bacillus</em> Species Isolated from Raw and Processed Meat</p>

“…A recent study reported that, 25 bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequences analysis collected from public tap water in India, from the 25 isolates, 5 were of Bacillus (B. pumilus, B. flexus, B. megaterium, B. marisflavi and B. oceanosediminis). 23 In a recent study, Fancello et al reported that 72 isolates were purified from olive samples collected in Italy and according to the 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, the bacterial isolates primarily fitting to Bacillus spp., Brevibacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Pantoea spp., Kocuria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Lysinibacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp.…”

“…A recent study reported that, 25 bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequences analysis collected from public tap water in India, from the 25 isolates, 5 were of Bacillus ( B. pumilus, B. flexus, B. megaterium, B. marisflavi and B. oceanosediminis ). 23 …”