Molecular Characterization of Diaporthe Species Associated With Hazelnut Defects

Arciuolo, Roberta; Santos, C.; Soares, Célia Maria Gonçalves; Castello, Giuseppe; Spigolon, Nicola; Chiusa, Giorgio; Lima, Nelson; Battilani, Paola

doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.611655

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…For example, Anisogramma , Anthostoma , Diaporthe , Diaporthella , Diplodia , Dothiorella , and Gnomoniopsis are common fungi that inhabit branches in hazel trees in America, Chile, Italy, and Turkey ( Gottwald and Cameron, 1980 ; Guerrero and Pérez, 2013a ; Linaldeddu et al., 2016 ). Alternaria , Aspergillus , Botryosphaeria , Colletotrichum , Diaporthe , Fusarium , Pestalotiopsis , and Phoma are often isolated from fruits, especially in Turkey and the Caucasus region ( Sezer and Dolar, 2016 ; Battilani et al., 2018 ; Arciuolo et al., 2020 ; Arciuolo et al., 2021 ). Although little information is available, Cytospora corylicola generally occurs in hazelnut growing areas in Europe ( Salerno, 1961 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytospora and Diaporthe Species Associated With Hazelnut Canker and Dieback in Beijing, China

Hong

Pan

Tian

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch.) is an important nut crop in China but has been declining owing to the destructive effects of fungal branch canker and dieback. The identification and management of these pathogens are difficult because of the lack of attention to branch canker, insufficient understanding of phylogenetic, and overlapping morphological characteristics of the pathogens. In total, 51 strains were isolated from Chinese wild hazelnut in this study, and three species of Cytospora and two of Diaporthe were identified through morphological observation and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, act, rpb2, tef1-α, and tub2 for Cytospora; ITS, cal, his3, tef1-α, and tub2 for Diaporthe). Three new species, Cytospora corylina, C. curvispora, and Diaporthe corylicola, and two known species, Cytospora leucostoma and Diaporthe eres, grew at 5–30°C and a pH of 3.0–11.0, with optimum growth at approximately 25°C and pH 4.0–7.0. Additionally, the effects of six carbon sources on mycelial growth were investigated. This study explored the main pathogenic fungi species of Corylus heterophylla, completed the corresponding database of pathogenic fungi information, and clarified their biological characteristics. Moreover, the results of this study provided a theoretical basis for Corylus heterophylla disease management and prevention in China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytospora and Diaporthe Species Associated With Hazelnut Canker and Dieback in Beijing, China

Hong

Pan

Tian

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…We focus here on the rotten defect, the strongest sensory off-note of hazelnut fruits, which annually threatens kernel availability and marketability ( Arciuolo et al, 2020 ). The term “rotten hazelnuts” derives from the industrial jargon and refers to fruits with necrotic spots and/or internal browning, resulting in a black kernel in the worst case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotten Hazelnuts Prediction via Simulation Modeling—A Case Study on the Turkish Hazelnut Sector

Valeriano¹,

Fischer²,

Ginaldi³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The quality defects of hazelnut fruits comprise changes in morphology and taste, and their intensity mainly depends on seasonal environmental conditions. The strongest off-flavor of hazelnuts is known as rotten defect, whose candidate causal agents are a complex of fungal pathogens, with Diaporthe as the dominant genus. Timely indications on the expected incidence of rotten defect would be essential for buyers to identify areas where hazelnut quality will be superior, other than being useful for farmers to have the timely indications of the risk of pathogens infection. Here, we propose a rotten defect forecasting model, and we apply it in the seven main hazelnut producing municipalities in Turkey. We modulate plant susceptibility to fungal infection according to simulated hazelnut phenology, and we reproduce the key components of the Diaporthe spp. epidemiological cycle via a process-based simulation model. A model sensitivity analysis has been performed under contrasting weather conditions to select most relevant parameters for calibration, which relied on weekly phenological observations and the post-harvest analyses of rotten incidence in the period 2016–2019, conducted in 22 orchards. The rotten simulation model reproduced rotten incidence data in calibration and validation datasets with a mean absolute error below 1.8%. The dataset used for model validation (321 additional sampling locations) has been characterized by large variability of rotten incidence, in turn contributing to decrease the correlation between reference and simulated data (R2 = 0.4 and 0.21 in West and East Black Sea region, respectively). This denotes the key effect of other environmental and agronomic factors on rotten incidence, which are not yet taken into account by the predictive workflow and will be considered in further improvements. When applied in spatially distributed simulations, the model differentiated the rotten incidence across municipalities, and reproduced the interannual variability of rotten incidence. Our results confirmed that the rotten defect is strictly dependent on precipitation amount and timing, and that plant susceptibility is crucial to trigger fungal infections. Future steps will envisage the application of the rotten simulation model to other hazelnut producing regions, before being operationally used for in-season forecasting activities.

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“…Diaporthe eres was recently reported as the causal agent of hazelnut defects, which produces brown spots on the kernel surface or internal discoloration, which become visible inside the fruits after being cut in half (half-cut; [ 1 , 2 ]). D .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of Diaporthe eres, the causal agent of hazelnut defects

et al. 2021

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Diaporthe eres has been recently reported as the causal agent of hazelnut defects, with characteristic brown spots on the kernels surface and internal fruit discoloration. Knowledge regarding the ecology of this fungus is poor but, is critical to support a rationale and effective hazelnut crop protection strategy. Therefore, a study was performed to describe and model the effect of different abiotic factors such as temperature (T, 5–35°C, step 5°C) and water activity (aw 0.83–0.99, step 0.03) regimes on D. eres mycelial growth, pycnidial conidiomata development and asexual spore production during a 60-day incubation period. Alpha conidia germination was tested in the same T range and at different relative humidities (RH = 94, 97 and 100%) over 48 h incubation period. Fungal growth was observed from the first visual observation; regarding pycnidia and cirrhi, their development started after 8 and 19 days of incubation, respectively and increased over time. The optimum T for growth was 20–25°C and for pycnidia and cirrhi development was 30°C; aw ≥ 0.98 was optimal for the tested steps of the fungal cycle. The best condition for conidial germination of D. eres was at 25°C with RH = 100%. Quantitative data obtained were fitted using non- linear regression functions (Bete, logistic and polynomial), which provided a very good fit of the biological process (R2 = 0.793–0.987). These functions could be the basis for the development of a predictive model for the infection of D. eres of hazelnuts.

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Molecular Characterization of Diaporthe Species Associated With Hazelnut Defects

Cited by 24 publications

References 74 publications

Cytospora and Diaporthe Species Associated With Hazelnut Canker and Dieback in Beijing, China

Cytospora and Diaporthe Species Associated With Hazelnut Canker and Dieback in Beijing, China

Rotten Hazelnuts Prediction via Simulation Modeling—A Case Study on the Turkish Hazelnut Sector

Ecology of Diaporthe eres, the causal agent of hazelnut defects

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