Molecular fluorescence measurements with a charge-coupled device detector

Acquisition of chemiluminescence spectral profiles using a continuous flow manifold with two dimensional CCD detection

“…Charge coupled devices (CCDs) are silicon-based, integrating, multichannel detectors that have a linear or two dimensional array of photosensitive elements and offer several advantages for low light level spectroscopic detection. [1][2][3][4] These include imaging applications 5,6 (i.e., no spectral resolution), wide wavelength range (from soft X-ray to near IR), rapid spectral acquisition and a high quantum efficiency in the visible region. Cooled CCD detectors provide the additional attraction of very low dark currents and read noise as compared with conventional room temperature light detectors.…”

“…Fig 4. Effect of (a) vertical binning, (b) horizontal binning, and (c) integration time on the chemiluminescence emission from the cobalt(II)catalysed luminol reaction.…”

Optical sensors (optodes) for multiparameter chemical imaging: classification, challenges, and prospects

“…39 In 1988, the first 2D visualization of fluorescently labeled objects was reported by Jackson et al 40 Furthermore, Denton et al demonstrated the acquisition of fluorescence spectra for the first time in 1989. 41 Although it is Glud's optode design (Fig. 2B) that one could consider as "conventional" now, the combination of CCD camera and optical sensor fibers was reported by Bronk et al a year earlier, in 1995.…”

Fluorescence detection in capillary zone electrophoresis using a charge-coupled device with time-delayed integration

“…by 516 detector elements. Several reviews describe the advantages and operating characteristics of CCDs for fluorescence work (16)(17)(18)(19). Although CCDs can have a lower dark current and higher quantum efficiency than the best PMTs, they suffer from a small but significant readout noise.…”