Molecularly Imprinted Potentiometric Sensor for Nanomolar Determination of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract

Pioglitazone Hydrochloride (PG) is an insulin‐sensitizing drug and is indicated for the treatment of type II diabetes. In this study, newly molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors were constructed for the potentiometric determination of PG in the pharmaceutical formulations (Diabetonorm® 45 and 15 mg) with high accuracy and precision. The MIP particles (ionophore) were prepared by using the PG drug as a template, acrylamide (AC) or methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimthacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross‐linker. The best MIP was synthesized from AC as a functional monomer, AC‐MIP. The best sensor (CPEs) was formulated from graphite (47 wt%) as a carbon source, AC‐MIP (5 wt.%) as an ionophore, PMA (1 wt%) as an ion‐exchanger, DNPOE (47 wt.%) as a conductive oil so‐called plasticizer. The best CPE electrode exhibited response slope to the Nernstian slope of 63.0 mV Decade−1, linear dynamic range of 10−8–10−4 M with the detection limit of 1.0×10−8 M, along with high reversibility, short response time 30 sec, and a long lifetime. The constructed biosensors showed high selectivity against similar interfering species (e. g. arabinose, galactose, lactose, maltose, glucose, Ba2+, Cu2+, Na+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, NH4+).

Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations

“…Carbon, metals and metal oxide nanomaterials have been used to improve the military's ability to detect biological agents. By using nanotechnology, the military would be able to create sensor systems that could detect biological agents and drugs with high sensitivity and low detection limits [55][56][57][58][59]. In the polymer manufacturing industry, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are exploited as reinforced materials [60], e.g., and tire fillers (to increase road adhesion), in the car body (to increase rigidity), and as transparent layers in heat-insulating, moisture-free, and frost-free car windows [61].…”

Molecularly-imprinted polymer-base bulk optode for the determination of ivabradine hydrochloride in Procoralan®

“…These results conrm the high selectivity of miptode 2 over niptode 3, especially in case of hydrogen bonding forming species. 20,23 By comparing the miptode 2 results to that of the CX-based potentiometric previously reported sensor, 12 selectivity coefficients were improved by 2-5 orders of magnitude, Table 3. The highest selectivity obtained for miptode 2 is due to the hostguest interaction between MIP and template drug that is controlled by the mixed hydrogen bonding concomitant with ion exchange process between IVH + and the proton of the dye.…”

“…[17][18][19] During the last two decades, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), compared to the non-imprinted polymers (NIPs), have grasped attention due to their variable applications in many elds due to their excellent advantages, including their high selectivity and affinity to their target template species, high mechanical and chemical stability, inertness, and being insoluble in water and most organic solvents. 20,21 In addition, they can be easily prepared, cost effectiveness and applicability in harsh chemical media, temperature or pressure. 21 The tness between the template and the cavity of the MIP improves the different types of interactions of hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, covalent and ionic bonding, which results in high selectivity of the MIP over other macro-sized molecules.…”

Polyvinyl Chloride Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for Sensitive Determination of Levofloxacin Drug in Serum, Urine, and Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…Six carbon paste electrodes (CPEs, sensors 6–11) were constructed using different amounts of conductive carbonaceous materials (Gr, GO, rGO, MWCNTs), plasticizer (TCP or DOP), St-STFPB ion-exchanger, LF-TPB ion-pair ( Figure 2 ), as previously reported [ 41 , 42 ]. The components of 0.3 g total weight were weighed, mixed for 20 min, and dispersed in the least amount of acetone in an agate mortar, and mixed continually by the pestle to ensure paste homogeneity, Table 1 .…”