The potential of a recently established marine protected area (MPA) in the Western Atlantic, Brazil, as a 'seed production' and nursery ground for Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, an intensively exploited penaeid shrimp, was investigated in an attempt to reveal any future benefit of this new MPA to adjacent populations experiencing heavy exploitation. Overall, we observed that males and females >12 and 20 mm carapace length, respectively, contributed the most to reproduction in the studied population. Reproductive activity of X. kroyeri was continuous at the MPA; 2 annual reproductive peaks were recorded from March to April and from November to December, which were followed by recruitment events occurring from March to April 2009 and November 2009. Sediment, temperature, and algae and plant biomass floating near the bottom were relevant in driving reproductive activity and recruitment in X. kroyeri. The high reproductive potential of the studied population and the occurrence of abundant juveniles throughout the sampling area, indicating the existence of a nursery ground within the region, suggest that this MPA might provide important benefits in the near future. We argue in favor of future long-term studies on the larval dispersion, reproductive biology and ecology of X. kroyeri in MPAs and non-MPAs to construct a base for future management of this species and to aid stock recovery in fishing areas that are heavily exploited.
KEY WORDS: Marine protected area · Xiphopenaeus kroyeri · Size at first maturity · Reproductive potential · Nursery ground · Environmental parameters · Stock recoveryResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Aquat Biol 17: 57-69, 2012 from 6 000 t in the 1960s to 42 787 t in the 2000s (FAO 2011). From 1960 to 2009, 513 785 t (~51%) of the total global catch (1 013 993 t) was extracted from the Brazilian coast (FAO 2011).In the northern, northeastern, southeastern and southern regions of the Brazilian coast, which were described by Matsuura (1995) as the major fishing grounds, the seabob shrimp is heavily exploited by trawl fishing boats (Vasconcellos et al. 2007(Vasconcellos et al. , 2011. Vasconcellos et al. (2007) collected information about the status of stocks of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri based on the analysis of time-series landings by artisan fisheries during the period 1980 to 2002. These authors categorized the status of this shrimp as underexploited in the northern region, moderately exploited in the northeastern region, and overexploited in the southeastern and southern regions of Brazil. Furthermore, X. kroyeri is classified as overfished by the Brazilian government because of the high capture rates of specimens from most or all size/ age classes throughout the range of distribution of this species along the coast of Brazil (Ministry of the Environment, Normative Instruction 5, 21 May 2004).Due to overexploitation in the southeastern and southern regions, the stocks of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri have presented a continuous decrease in landings since th...