“…Tin oxide thin films have been fabricated using many different techniques including spray pyrolysis of a solution of SnCl 4 [15,16], magnetic or r.f. sputtering [7,17], ion beam sputtering [18], the sol-gel method [19], chemical vapor deposition [20,21] and thermal evaporation [22,23]. In the usual processes of depositing tin oxide, the films often show defects due to oxygen deficiency, which affects the conductivity, catalysis properties and changes the electronic structure of SnO 2 .…”