Morphology and Fine Structure of Hair

Kassenbeck, P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81650-5_9

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Treatment in glow discharges or corona discharges in the presence of non-polymerisable gases such as nitrogen, hcliunr, oxygen and air reportedly improves the ink-printability of polyethylene (67,68), the bonding of polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 6, Mylar polyester and several other plastics (69, 70) and 01' cellulose paper (71, 72), the rates of dyeing and shrink re of wool, and the breaking strength and wear resistance of various textiles (73,74).…”

Section: Low-energy Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for Radiation Techniques in Dyeing and Finishing

Byrne

Jones

1971

Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists

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This paper evaluates the role, actual and potential, of high‐energy and low‐energy radiation in textile technology. Emphasis is placed on the cobalt‐60 source and the electron accelerator as high‐energy sources, and the glow discharge as a source of low‐energy radiation. The effect of high‐energy radiation on the structure and properties of fibres is reviewed. Two types of effect may be produced: crosslinking and degradation. The latter predominates with some polymers, whereas with others crosslinking of the polymer chains is the major effect. It is concluded that the direct effects of high‐energy radiation are of insufficient value to justify its application to textiles without some simultaneous or subsequent chemical treatment of the fibre. The free radicals produced by the radiation serve as reactive sites at which the graft copolymerisation of monomers may be initiated within the fibre structure. Three methods are available for the radiation grafting of unsaturated monomers on to fibrous substrates: the ‘simultaneous’ method, the ‘post‐irradiation’ method, and the ‘peroxide’ method. Most effort in this area has been devoted to the modification of synthetic‐polymer fibres to make them more readily dyeable. Several examples of this are described. To achieve good penetration of the graft copolymer into the fibre, it is necessary that the fibre should be sufficiently swollen to permit penetration by the monomer molecules. Experiments on the swelling of polyester fibres in relation to grafting are described. The use of radiation‐initiated grafting in the finishing of textiles is discussed next. The outstanding example of this, one that has achieved commercial exploitation, is the Deering Milliken Visa process for conferring durable‐press properties on cotton and cotton–polyester fabrics. Flame‐resistant cotton can also be produced by radiation‐grafting techniques. The modification of the surfaces of textile fibres, for example, to confer soil‐release and antistatic properties, is another potential application of radiation grafting in textile finishing. The deposition of coatings on solid surfaces by low‐energy gas‐discharge techniques has been the subject of many investigations. Recent work at the Shirley Institute, in collaboration with the Electricity Council Research Centre, has shown that several percent of vinyl monomers can be deposited on polyester fabric by means of the glow discharge. With hydrophilic monomers, the fabrics have improved antisoil and soil‐release properties. Terylene (ICI) fabrics treated in a glow discharge with acrylic acid can be dyed to solid colours with basic dyes. The paper concludes with a brief assessment of the economics of radiation processes in relation to their use in textile technology.

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Section: Low-energy Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for Radiation Techniques in Dyeing and Finishing

Byrne

Jones

1971

Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists

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“…During hair growth, cells proliferate in the hair matrix of the hair bulb and then increase in volume through catalytic and caryolytic processes preceding keratinization as they move up toward the skin surface. In the upper hair bulb, such enlarged cells are funneled through a narrow keratogenous zone, where cells may be subjected to a constraining force resulting in condensation into slim and elongated bodies of hard keratin for the hair shaft and inner root sheath (Kassenbeck 1981). It is of interest whether the continuous circumferential actin bundles in the innermost cell layer transmit tensile force from cell to cell, thereby exerting constraining forces for the funneling process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actin bundles in human hair follicles as revealed by confocal laser microscopy

Furumura

Ishikawa

1996

Cell and Tissue Research

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A confocal laser microscope was used to examine the distribution pattern of actin bundles in whole-mounts of human hair follicles stained with fluorescently labeled phalloidin. Actin bundles were found exclusively in the epithelial outer root sheath of the lower and middle portions of the follicle. In the growth stage, the lower follicle was characterized by well-developed actin bundles arranged circumferentially in the innermost and outermost cell layers of the outer root sheath. Actin bundles in the innermost cells were aligned end-to-end so that they formed complete circular bands surrounding the inner root sheath. In the outermost cells, actin bundles ran underneath the basal plasma membrane to which they attached at both ends. In contrast, in the quiescent stage, actin bundles in the lower follicle were disposed radially toward the follicle surface where they terminated perpendicular to the basal plasma membrane. In the middle follicle, circumferential actin bundles were found only in the intermediate layer of the outer root sheath throughout the hair cycle. Immunofluorescent anti-myosin and anti-alpha-actinin staining showed a striated pattern along actin bundles. Vinculin was localized at both ends of actin bundles, corresponding to the cell-to-cell or cell-to-substrate adherens junctions. Glycerinated follicles changed in shape on the addition of MgATP, suggesting a contraction of actin bundles. From these observations, we conclude that actin bundles in the hair follicle are comparable to stress fibers and that they serve as a tensile scaffold for the growth and integrity of the follicle.

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“…(B) Microfibril arrangements of the paracortex are more regularly hexagonally packed. In the orthoocortex (shown here minimally as mesocortex) a more loosely packed and whorled microfibrillar arrangement is found (Kassenbeck, ).…”

Section: The Hs and The Irs: Cellular And Protein Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B; Fraser & Rogers, ; Dusenbury & Menkart, ; Bradbury, ). The two compartments have been differentiated from one another by staining (Horio & Kondo, ; Spearman & Barnicot, ; Bryson et al , ), overall sulphur or fibrillar content (Kassenbeck, ; Bryson et al , ), and specific molecular components (Thibaut et al , , ; see also Section IV.1). A cortical region between the Pcx and Ocx and with intermediate properties as compared to them, the mesocortex, has also sometimes been described.…”

Section: The Hs and The Irs: Cellular And Protein Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review

Nissimov¹,

Chaudhuri

2014

Biological Reviews

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Although hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one-to-one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair-curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross-sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. The MPC model can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair-form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair-curvature development. We define a natural-dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top-down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to the Wnt canonical pathway, the Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explain MPC formation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial-mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub-mechanisms of an overall development from neural-crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.

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Morphology and Fine Structure of Hair

Cited by 25 publications

References 2 publications

Prospects for Radiation Techniques in Dyeing and Finishing

Prospects for Radiation Techniques in Dyeing and Finishing

Actin bundles in human hair follicles as revealed by confocal laser microscopy

Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review

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