Moving beyond inclusion: Methodological considerations for the menstrual cycle and menopause in research evaluating effects of dietary nitrate on vascular function

Baranauskas, Marissa N.; Freemas, Jessica A.; Tan, Rachel; Carter, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.11.001

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…The participant exclusion criteria were individuals with contraindications to exercise, cardiometabolic disease, on ergogenic supplementation, females, and smokers. Females were excluded given that sex-differences in the physiological responses to nitrate ingestion may exist [47]. The experimental protocols, risks, and benefits of participating were explained prior to participants providing written informed consent.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men

et al. 2022

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The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of acute and short-term nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation on performance outcomes and muscle oxygenation during bench press and back squat exercise. Fourteen recreationally active males were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in two conditions: (1) NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.10 mmol NO3− per day) and (2) BR (11.8 mmol NO3− per day). On days 1 and 4 of the supplementation periods, participants completed 2 sets of 2 × 70%1RM interspersed by 2 min of recovery, followed by one set of repetitions-to-failure (RTF) at 60%1RM for the determination of muscular power, velocity, and endurance. Quadriceps and pectoralis major tissue saturation index (TSI) were measured throughout exercise. Plasma [NO3−] and nitrite ([NO2−]) were higher after 1 and 4 days of supplementation with BR compared to PL (p < 0.05). Quadriceps and pectoralis major TSI were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). The number of RTF in bench press was 5% greater after acute BR ingestion compared to PL (PL: 23 ± 4 vs. BR: 24 ± 5, p < 0.05). There were no differences between BR and PL for RTF for back squat or power and velocity for back squat or bench press (p > 0.05). These data improve understanding on the ergogenic potential of BR supplementation during resistance exercise.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men

et al. 2022

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“…However, we cannot discount that the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use may be playing some role in the vascular responses to exercise. Specifically, some studies have found that endothelial function is higher during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, 69 , 70 compared with the early follicular phase, 71 whereas multiple studies have demonstrated that vascular function is stable across the menstrual cycle and oral hormonal contraceptive cycle. 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 While it is possible that the greater proportion of women in the high-fitness group may have impacted our results, all but one of the women in that group were either in the early follicular phase or were taking hormonal contraceptives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition on resting and post-exercise indices of vascular health in young adults

Landers-Ramos,

Dondero,

Imery

et al. 2024

Sports Medicine and Health Science

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“…It is extremely unfortunate that females have been underappreciated in sports and exercise medicine research for so long [ 95 ], and thus it is unsurprising that the impact of sex differences on the efficacy of dietary NO 3 − remains unexplored. However, the scientific community is progressively becoming cognizant of potential sex differences in NO 3 − research, and open questions for investigation include examining sex-based physiological [ 96 ] and hormonal [ 97 ] influences on the mechanisms and performance effects of NO 3 − . To date, only eight studies have exclusively included females in dietary NO 3 − research, and there are inconsistencies between studies regarding the control for the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives [see review: 96].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, whether this physiological difference has an influence on the bioavailability and bioactivity of NO and its subsequent effects on NO 3 − -induced mechanisms and performance have yet to be elucidated, making this a ripe area for research. Lastly, although hormonal controls may be barriers to include females, scientists are encouraged to examine if their laboratories are capable of incorporating as many methodological considerations for testing females if possible [ 97 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Explosive Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review

Tan

Cano

Lago-Rodríguez³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Dietary nitrate supplementation is evidenced to induce physiological effects on skeletal muscle function in fast-twitch muscle fibers and may enhance high-intensity exercise performance. An important component of sport-specific skills is the ability to perform explosive movements; however, it is unclear if nitrate supplementation can impact explosive efforts. We examined the existing evidence to determine whether nitrate supplementation improves explosive efforts lasting ≤ 6 s. PubMed, Scopus and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (supplement OR supplementation) AND (explosive OR power OR high intensity OR high-intensity OR sprint* OR “athletic performance”). Out of 810 studies, 18 were eligible according to inclusion criteria. Results showed that 4 of the 10 sprint-type studies observed improved sprint time, power output, and total work in cycling or running, whereas 4 of the 10 resistance-based exercise studies observed improvements to power and velocity of free-weight bench press as well as isokinetic knee extension and flexion at certain angular velocities. These results suggest that nitrate potentially improves explosive exercise performance, but further work is required to clarify the factors influencing the efficacy of nitrate in different exercise modalities.

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Moving beyond inclusion: Methodological considerations for the menstrual cycle and menopause in research evaluating effects of dietary nitrate on vascular function

Cited by 16 publications

References 143 publications

Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men

Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition on resting and post-exercise indices of vascular health in young adults

The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Explosive Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review

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