Multi precursors analysis associated with the powerful Ecuador (MW= 7.8) earthquake of 16 April 2016 using Swarm satellites data in conjunction with other multi-platform satellite and ground data

Land – Atmosphere – Meteorological coupling associated with the 2015 Gorkha (M 7.8) and Dolakha (M 7.3) Nepal earthquakes

“…In recent years, efforts have been made to understand the precursory mechanism through the analysis of multi-parameters of the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere of earthquake events. Synchronous or near-synchronous variations were observed associated with different parameters of lithosphere and atmosphere of 2003 Colima (M = 7.8) (Pulinets et al, 2006), 2004 Sumatra (M = 9.1) (Singh et al, 2007(Singh et al, ), 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.8) (Singh et al, 2010b;Jing et al, 2013), 2009 L'Aquila (M = 6.3) (Wu et al, 2016), 2010 Haiti (M = 7.0) (Singh et al, 2010c), 2016 Ecuador (M = 7.8) (Akhoondzadeh et al, 2018) and several other earthquakes. These results have clearly demonstrated existence of coupling between lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere associated with the earthquake activities.…”

Magnetic Field and Electron Density Data Analysis from Swarm Satellites Searching for Ionospheric Effects by Great Earthquakes: 12 Case Studies from 2014 to 2016

“…More recently, Akhoondzadeh et al [40], De Santis et al [41], Marchetti and Akhoondzadeh [42], Akhoondzadeh et al [43] and Marchetti et al [44] performed deep analyses of particular important case studies, where some original techniques were applied in order to discriminate between solar effects and potential lithospheric effects preceding strong earthquakes. In particular, De Santis et al [41] were the first to analyse the magnetic field of the Swarm satellites for searching pre-earthquake ionospheric patterns: they studied Swarm magnetic data around the M7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 in Nepal.…”

Ionospheric anomalies preceding the low-latitude earthquake that occurred on April 16, 2016 in Ecuador

“…Two very recent studies (He and Heki, 2017;Akhoondzadeh et al, 2018) have already detected ionospheric anomalies prior to the Pedernales earthquake. He and Heki (2017) have identified these anomalies almost immediately ( ∼ 17 min) before the onset of the earthquake through the use of the reference curve method.…”

“…He and Heki (2017) have identified these anomalies almost immediately ( ∼ 17 min) before the onset of the earthquake through the use of the reference curve method. On the other hand, Akhoondzadeh et al (2018) detected ionospheric disturbances between 7 and 12 days before the seismic event by using satellite and ground data. Additionally, GIMs were among the collected data of Akhoondzadeh et al (2018), which only allowed them to identify a disturbance 1 day prior to the seism, at 9:00 UT.…”

“…In regards to low-latitude earthquakes when looking for ionospheric precursors, there are just a bunch of studies dedicated to analyze individually ionospheric disturbances (Zakharenkova et al, 2006(Zakharenkova et al, , 2008Mubarak et al, 2009;Zou and Zhao, 2010;Zhu et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2016;He and Heki, 2017;Akhoondzadeh et al, 2018). As expected, different techniques are also used to detect ionospheric precursors a few days prior to these seismic events.…”