“…[1][2][3] Nowadays, "second-order calibration" should be considered as the most popular multi-way data analysis method; this includes, for instance, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM), [4][5][6] parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), [7][8][9][10] alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD), 11 self-weighted alternating normalized residue fitting (SWANRF) 12 and so on. [13][14][15][16][17][18] They aim to search for any "second-order advantage" by three-dimensional responsive data; that is, second-order calibration has better stability towards interferents as well as matrix effects. Thus, they have been brought into extensive practical applications, for example, biological matrices, pharmaceuticals, food, and environment, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] while seeking out a way to quantify the analytes of interest, even in presence of complex background.…”