Multifunctional Bioactive Scaffolds from ARX-g-(Zn@rGO)-HAp for Bone Tissue Engineering: In Vitro Antibacterial, Antitumor, and Biocompatibility Evaluations

Abstract

Advanced biomaterials are required with enhanced antibacterial and anticancer activities to obtain desirable biocompatibility during and after scaffold implantation in tissue engineering. Here, we report the development of a nanosystem by the hydrothermal method using different zinc (Zn) amounts and reduced graphene oxide (GO). Arabinoxylan, the nanosystem (Zn@rGO), and nanohydroxyapatite polymeric nanocomposites ARX-g-(Zn@rGO)/HAp were prepared by the free radical polymerization method, and porous bioactive scaffolds were fabricated via the freeze-drying technique. The structural, morphological, and elemental analyses of the bioactive scaffolds were conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The wetting behavior was studied by a water contact meter and swelling in aqueous and phosphate-buffered saline solutions at 37 °C. The degradation was also studied in the phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37 °C. The increase in Zn content increased the pore size, and hydrophobic behavior shifted to hydrophilic (AGZ-1 = 131.40° at 0 s and 120.60° at 10 s to AGZ-1 = 81.30° at 0 s and 69.20° at 10 s) with the increase in contact time. Maximum swelling was observed in deionized water (AGZ-1 = 52.87%, AGZ-4 = 90.20%), followed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; AGZ-1 = 44.80%, AGZ-4 = 67.90%) and electrolyte (AGZ-1 = 32.40%, AGZ-4 = 63.47%), and biodegradation in PBS media increased (AGZ-1 = 36.80%, AGZ-4 = 55.92%). Antimicrobial activities against severe infection-causing pathogens and antitumor activity against U87 cell lines showed exceptional results. Cell viability and cell proliferation studies were conducted against preosteoblast cell lines, and increased cell viability and proliferation were observed from AGZ-1 to AGZ-4. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities were enhanced with the increase of Zn content in the Zn@rGO system. The bioactive scaffolds with different formulations could be potential biomaterials to treat and regenerate defected bone tissue.

The Current Status, Prospects, and Challenges of Shape Memory Polymers Application in Bone Tissue Engineering

“…In addition, these scaffolds’ sterility depends mainly on prolonged UV irradiation or autoclaving. At the same time, recent studies have shown that the antimicrobial properties of the scaffolds themselves can be improved by adding additional antimicrobial components such as Fe 3 O 4 [ 51 , 52 ], which will further enhance the application of SMP scaffolds in clinical tissue engineering if antimicrobial properties are obtained.…”

Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Active Targeted Carrier of Alpha Mangostin for Breast Cancer Cells

“…Polymeric nanoparticles are a drug delivery system approach that utilizes polymers as carriers in the form of nanoparticles [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Polymeric nanoparticles are frequently produced from biopolymers such as chitosan in their formulation because they offer several advantages over other synthetic polymers, such as being green economy-friendly, eco-friendly, easy to make, bio-compatible, biodegradable, and low in their toxicity [ 23 , 24 ]. They have also been investigated for their ability to increase drug macromolecular permeation on epithelial membranes through the reversible opening of the transmembrane gap (tight junction) [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Specific Adsorption of Magnetic Fe3O4@hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites to a Hybridized Duplex for Immobilization and Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensing of MicroRNA

“…Hydroxyapatite (HAP), the major biomineral of bones and teeth, stably exists in various parts of the human body, owing to its high stability and excellent biocompatibility. It is widely used in tissue repair, biomimetic materials, drugs/gene delivery, , electrochemical sensing, − and so on. HAP has also been frequently applied for NA separation since Bernardi found its excellent discriminating capacity for single- and double-stranded DNA .…”