Multifunctional photodynamic/photothermal nano-agents for the treatment of oral leukoplakia

Abstract

Oral leukoplakia (OLK) has gained extensive attention because of the potential risk for malignant transformation. Photosensitizers (PSs) played an indispensable role in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of OLK, but the poor light sensitivity greatly hampered its clinical application. Herein, a novel organic photosensitive ITIC-Th nanoparticles (ITIC-Th NPs) were developed for OLK photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PTT). ITIC-Th NPs present both high photothermal conversion efficiency (~ 38%) and suitable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability under 660 nm laser irradiation, making them possess excellent PDT and PTT capability. In 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced oral precancerous animal models, ITIC-Th NPs effectively suppress the OLK's cancerization without apparent topical or systemic toxicity in vivo. This study offers a promising therapeutic strategy for PDT and PTT in OLK treatment, and this study is the first interdisciplinary research in the field of multimodal therapy for OLK. Graphical Abstract

Advances in the study of regulators of ferroptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Review)

“…With the participation of photosensitizers and the action of light, the body cells generate reactive oxygen radicals through electron transfer and energy transfer, and eventually interact with oxygen molecules. The generation of large amounts of intracellular ROS leads to lipid peroxidation, causing damage to the structure and function of cell and organelle membranes (122,123).…”

Phototheranostic Nanoagents for Imaging‐Guided Treatment of Oral Cancer†

“…[79 -80] Han et al developed novel organic PSs (ITIC-Th) for enhancing PDT and PTT conversion efficiency, which had a large planar conjugated structure to enhance its PT conversion efficiency (Figures 1A and B). [81] D-A structure ensured PSs triplet state transition to improve the ROS conversion efficiency. Applying mPEG-DSPE2000 encapsulation, the nanoagents (ITIC-Th NPs) had high PT conversion efficiency (~38%) and suitable ROS generation capacity under 660 nm laser irradiation, which gives them excellent PDT and PTT capabilities.…”

“…And Liu et al prepared amphiphilic AIEPS5-PEG2000 structures by covalently linking PEG2000 to AIE molecule (Figure 1C). [82] Figure 1 (A) Schematic diagram of the preparation of ITIC-Th NPs, [81] Copyright 2022, Springer Nature; (B) Schematic diagram of the working principle of ITIC-Th NPs, [81] Copyright 2022, Springer Nature; (C) Schematic diagram of the preparation of AIEPS5-NPs-NB, [82] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.…”

“…Innovations in phototheranostic nanoagents ITIC-Th NPs [81] Superior photodynamic/photothermal properties, excellent biosafety, strong anti-malignancy AIEPS5-NPs-NB [82] Significantly superior performance to that of Heimbofen, a clinically approved photosensitiser, under 532 nm laser excitation UCP@SiO2-NRs [88] High potential, in terms of the difference in the SPR absorption peak, to absorb energy from UCPs by the photothermal effect SPN-Gd [92] MR/flurescence dual-properties and can be used as an imaging-guided PTT agent TiO2@Ru@siRNA [115] Produces ROS by both Type I and Type II PDT when exposed to visible light (525 nm) RC-GMN [116] Enhances the anti-tumour therapeutic effect of PDT by improving the targeted distribution and inhibiting the oxygen consumption of the cells RPTD/HP NPs [117] Facilitate OTSCC treatment by combining PDT and chemotherapy SQ890 NPs-Pep [129] Provides dual-modality imaging of the tumour with fluorescence and photoacoustics. Provides visual guidance for tumour resection Cys-MoO3-x NPs [130] Transform PTA detection mode and provide platform for further PTT cancer therapy applications M@PPI-siRNA NPs [137] Synergistic effects of PTT and Nrf2 siRNA -enhanced PDT NR-ApoE-Ce6 [138] Enhances intracelluar ROS generation upon 655 nm irradiation of oral cancer into clinical studies, better resolution of biosafety issues will also be a key focus of such studies.…”

“…(A) Schematic diagram of the preparation of ITIC‐Th NPs, [ 81 ] Copyright 2022, Springer Nature; (B) Schematic diagram of the working principle of ITIC‐Th NPs, [ 81 ] Copyright 2022, Springer Nature; (C) Schematic diagram of the preparation of AIEPS5‐NPs‐NB, [ 82 ] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.…”