Multigeneration reproductive toxicity assessment of 60-Hz magnetic fields using a continuous breeding protocol in rats

Ryan, Bernadette M.; Symanski, Richard R.; Pomeranz, Lisa E.; Johnson, Tim R.; Gauger, James R.; McCormick, David L.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199903)59:3<156::aid-tera7>3.0.co;2-b

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Hong et al concluded that 50Hz EMFs have the potential to induce DNA strand breakage in testicular cells and sperm chromatin condensation in mice (57). These features are considered as pre-apoptotic signs and indicate that apoptosis induction, not only occurs at exposure time, but it continues for a longer period after exposure (58). Also, Cao et al reported that magnetic fields at 1000 Hz or 2000 Hz may damage the testis by inducing injury to Leydig cells, thickening the basal membrane, derangement of spermatogenic cells and resulted in the absence of sperm (59).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure During the Prenatal Period on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Pathology of Testis and Testosterone Level of Adult Rats in F1 Generation

Gharamaleki¹

2014

Acta Endo (Buc)

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Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure during developmental period on parameters of oxidative stress and histopathology of testis and testosterone level in adult rat F 1 generation.Methods and study design. In treatment group pregnant rats were exposed to 3mT EMF, 50Hz for 21 days. The sham group contained pregnant rats under same condition, but out off the EM field. Pregnant rats in room were used as control group. After delivery, the blood samples of mothers for biochemical analyses of total antioxydant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehide (MDA) were provided. The male pups were kept until maturity, then their TAC, MDA and testosterone levels were analyzed, also their tests were removed for investigation of histopathology changes with light microscopy.Results. Biochemical analysis showed that TAC and MDA was significantly increased in pregnant rats in the treatment group when compared with the control group (p<0.05). In adult male of F 1 generation MDA was significantly increased in treatment group, but TAC and the testosterone level was significantly decreased in the treatment group as compared with the control group (p<0.05). Microscopic results revealed that in experimental group seminiferous epithelium contained many small irregular empty spaces as the sign of cellular sloughing, spermatogenic cells appeared to be disrupted. The nuclei of spermatogonia cells were heterochromatic, also dense of germinal epithelium and the number of spermatozoa was decreased.Conclusion. The results of this study suggest that pregnant rats exposure in EMF led to oxidative stress in adult male of F 1 generation and showed adverse effect on testosterone and spermatogenesis in adulthood which may produce subfertility.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure During the Prenatal Period on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Pathology of Testis and Testosterone Level of Adult Rats in F1 Generation

Gharamaleki¹

2014

Acta Endo (Buc)

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“…In Sprague-Dawley rats exposed for two weeks prior to and throughout pregnancy (7 h/day) at three different magnetic field intensities with sawtooth wave form, no significant fetal defects were found [Stuchly et al, 1988]. These results are in agreement with a recent reproduction study on the effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields on Sprague-Dawley rats that showed no biologically significant effects on reproductive performance [Ryan et al, 1999]. However, increased number of fetuses with skeletal anomalies have been reported by Huuskonen et al [1993] using Wistar rats exposed continuously to 50 Hz fields or to 20 kHz sawtooth magnetic fields from day 0 to day 20 of pregnancy (24 h/day).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The species of rat used in this study has been used previously by several workers to assess the adverse effects of electromagnetic fields on reproductive outcomes [Seto et al, 1983;Huuskonen et al, 1993;Mevissen et al, 1994;Ryan et al, 1999]. The present results show that exposure of adult male rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields for 90 days had a significant effect on the fertility of females impregnanted by the exposed males.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…De Vita et al [1995] reported a significant decrease in elongated spermatids in male mice exposed 4 h/day for 28 days to 50 Hz magnetic field with a strength of 1.7 mT. However, continuous exposure of Spague-Dawley rats to 60 Hz magnetic field did not have any effect on male fertility [Ryan et al, 1999]. The increase in the number of resorptions in female rats impregnated by males exposed to 50 Hz field may be due to high mortality of poorly developed embryos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats

Al-Akhras

Elbetieha

Hasan

et al. 2001

Bioelectromagnetics

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To investigate the effects of an extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field on their fertility, adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of approximately 25 microT (rms) for 90 days before they were mated with unexposed counterparts. Exposure to a 50 Hz field reduced male rat fertility. The number of pregnant females was reduced when mated with exposed males, and the number of resorptions increased. The effects of magnetic field on male fertility were shown to be partly reversible, when the same exposed group of males were remated 45 and 90 days after being removed from the fields. Exposure of adult female rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields for 90 days before mating significantly reduced their fertility. The mean numbers of implantations and living fetuses per litter were statistically significantly decreased in the 50 Hz group. These results suggest that low frequency magnetic fields have some adverse effects on fertility of male and female rats.

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“…However, it is noted that several in vivo studies have indicated a lack of sensitivity to EMF with respect to fertility and litter size [54][55][56], which contradicts our findings. Still, considering the complexity of a biological system, different or even conflicting results could be obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

50-Hertz Electromagnetic Fields Induce gammaH2AX Foci Formation in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos In Vitro1

Luo

Yang

Zeng

et al. 2006

Biology of Reproduction

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Effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on DNA damage in mammals are still controversial. In the present study, the effects of EMFs on DNA damage in preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro were investigated by using gammaH2AX foci formation, a new sensitive indicator for detecting DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The data obtained demonstrated that EMFs decreased the cleavage rate of preimplantation mouse embryos. This decreasing effect of EMFs was related to the DNA-damaging effect indicated by the induction of gammaH2AX foci formation in preimplantation mouse embryos. The inducing effects of EMFs on gammaH2AX foci formation could be inhibited by the treatment of noise MFs or wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family inhibitor. Furthermore, the data obtained also showed that EMFs could activate the DNA damage-repair mechanism by recruiting repair factor Rad50 to the damaged DNA sites to repair the corresponding DNA damage. These findings suggest that EMFs could cause DNA damage in preimplantation embryos in vitro and that the adverse effects of EMFs on development might at least partly act through DNA damage. The DNA damage induced by EMFs could be at least partly repaired by the natural activation of DNA damage-repair mechanism or prevented by the simultaneous treatment of noise magnetic fields.

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Multigeneration reproductive toxicity assessment of 60-Hz magnetic fields using a continuous breeding protocol in rats

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure During the Prenatal Period on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Pathology of Testis and Testosterone Level of Adult Rats in F1 Generation

Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure During the Prenatal Period on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Pathology of Testis and Testosterone Level of Adult Rats in F1 Generation

Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats

50-Hertz Electromagnetic Fields Induce gammaH2AX Foci Formation in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos In Vitro1

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