“…In vitro differentiation into numerous lineages, including neural (Zhang et al, 2001;Rathjen et al, 2002;Wichterle et al, 2002;Nakayama et al, 2003), hematopoietic (Kaufman et al, 2001), osteo/chondrogenic (Buttery et al, 2001;Hegert et al, 2002;Sottile et al, 2003;Sui et al, 2003), myogenic (Muller et al, 2000;Kehat et al, 2001;Mummery et al, 2003;Zandstra et al, 2003), and endothelial (Yamashita et al, 2000;Kaufman et al, 2004) has been reported. For organ and tissue engineering, the intersection between directeddifferentiation by chemical means, such as growth factors and cytokines (Schuldiner et al, 2000), and innovative 3-dimensional culture techniques within biodegradable scaffolds and matrices (Kim and Mooney, 1998;Richardson et al, 2001;Chen et al, 2003;Levenberg et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2003) is likely to be particularly fruitful.…”