Multilocus Systems in Evolution

Hedrick, Philip W.; Jain, S. K.; Holden, Larry R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_3

Cited by 194 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…The term gametic correlation (gametic disequilibrium) is the traditional term linkage disequilibrium to measure the extent of non-random association because such non-random association may be present between unlinked loci that are located at different chromosomes. 48 Statistically meaningful gametic correlations were revealed in both study groups (the correlations are highlighted by bold face in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4). An important finding was that asthmatics had less number of gametic correlations than did healthy individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Genetic variation of genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and risk of bronchial asthma: the importance of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions for disease susceptibility

2009

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The aim of our pilot study was to evaluate the contribution of genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) for the development of bronchial asthma. We have genotyped 25 polymorphic variants of 18 key XME genes in 429 Russians, including 215 asthmatics and 214 healthy controls by a polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. We found for the first time significant associations of CYP1B1 V432L (P¼0.045), PON1 Q192R (P¼0.039) and UGT1A6 T181A (P¼0.025) gene polymorphisms with asthma susceptibility. Significant P-values were evaluated through Monte-Carlo simulations. The multifactor-dimensionality reduction method has obtained the best three-locus model for gene-gene interactions between three loci, EPHX1 Y113H, CYP1B1 V432L and CYP2D6 G1934A, in asthma at a maximum cross-validation consistency of 100% (P¼0.05) and a minimum prediction error of 37.8%. We revealed statistically significant gene-environment interactions (XME genotypes-smoking interactions) responsible for asthma susceptibility for seven XME genes. A specific pattern of gametic correlations between alleles of XME genes was found in asthmatics in comparison with healthy individuals. The study results point to the potential relevance of toxicogenomic mechanisms of bronchial asthma in the modern world, and may thereby provide a novel direction in the genetic research of the respiratory disease in the future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Genetic variation of genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and risk of bronchial asthma: the importance of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions for disease susceptibility

2009

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“…The first occurrence of an inversion is a unique event involving a particular collection of alleles that can thereafter only recombine at very low rates. "In other words, there is both an extremely small founder population and little potential for randomization of alleles within the inverted segment except through mutation or double recombination, both rare events" (Hedrick et a!., 1978). Given these properties, an inversion polymorphism and its associated linkage disequilibrium may remain in a population for many generations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several reports of enzyme-determining loci in linkage disequilibrium with chromosomal inversions (see reviews by Ishii andCharlesworth, 1977, andHedrick et al, 1978). In attempting to explain these associations it is, in practice, extremely difficult to distinguish between the alternative explanations listed above, particularly when we have no detailed knowledge of the history of the population or species (in terms of population sizes, migration rates, etc.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of enzymic and chromosomal polymorphisms in the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida

et al. 1982

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SUMMARYPopulations of the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida are polymorphic at three loci determining the enzymes peptidase-1 (Pep-i), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) and larval esterase-2 (Es-2). Alleles at these loci have been shown by others to be non-randomly associated with each other. In the present paper we report non-random associations between the Adh and Es-2 loci and inversions on chromosome I. The two common alleles Adh-B and D are in strong linkage disequilibrium with the a and /3 inversions, but the Adh-A and C alleles are not so. The X and Y alleles at the Es-2 locus show weak, but still significant, associations with the inversions. We consider possible linkage relationships of the loci on the chromosomal arrangements, and discuss the hypothesis that they constitute part of a coadapted gene complex whose members code for functionally related enzymes.

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“…Linkage disequilibrium can arise, not only because of physical linkage between loci, but also because of recent mutations, epistatic selection, genetic drift (especially in founding populations) or the admixture of genetically differentiated populations [201]. Asexual reproduction and inbreeding, which limit recombination between loci, enhance the maintenance of linkage disequilibrium and QTLs are therefore more likely to be detected in parasite species with a clonal population structure [194].…”

Section: The Importance Of Understanding Population Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular epidemiology of parasite infections: Tools and applications

Lymbery

Thompson

2012

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology

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Molecular epidemiology, broadly defined, is the application of molecular genetic techniques to the dynamics of disease in a population. In this review, we briefly describe molecular and analytical tools available for molecular epidemiological studies and then provide an overview of how they can be applied to better understand parasitic disease. A range of new molecular tools have been developed in recent years, allowing for the direct examination of parasites from clinical or environmental samples, and providing access to relatively cheap, rapid, high throughput molecular assays. At the same time, new analytical approaches, in particular those derived from coalescent theory, have been developed to provide more robust estimates of evolutionary processes and demographic parameters from multilocus, genotypic data. To date, the primary application of molecular epidemiology has been to provide specific and sensitive identification of parasites and to resolve taxonomic issues, particularly at the species level and below. Population genetic studies have also been used to determine the extent of genetic diversity among populations of parasites and the degree to which this diversity is associated with different host cycles or epidemiologically important phenotypes. Many of these studies have also shed new light on transmission cycles of parasites, particularly the extent to which zoonotic transmission occurs, and on the prevalence and importance of mixed infections with different parasite species or intraspecific variants (polyparasitism). A major challenge, and one which is now being addressed by an increasing number of studies, is to find and utilise genetic markers for complex traits of epidemiological significance, such as drug resistance, zoonotic potential and virulence.

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Multilocus Systems in Evolution

Cited by 194 publications

References 217 publications

Genetic variation of genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and risk of bronchial asthma: the importance of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions for disease susceptibility

Genetic variation of genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and risk of bronchial asthma: the importance of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions for disease susceptibility

Associations of enzymic and chromosomal polymorphisms in the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida

The molecular epidemiology of parasite infections: Tools and applications

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