Multistage ion implantation of polyamide-6 films

Chemical aspects of implantation of high-energy ions into polymeric materials

“…89 It should be noted that in polyethylene and polyamide-6 heavily implanted with medium-range energy (100 ± 200 keV) light (e.g., B + , see Refs 94 and 95) and heavy (e.g., Sb + and As + , see Refs 3,89,93) ions the spatial region of maximum carbonisation is beneath the polymer surface. 75,95,96 This can be illustrated by the depth profile of the relative concentration of carbon in the near-surface layer and by the presence of an additional maximum of the concentration of trapped oxygen on the surface of irradiated samples (in this case, the oxygen depth profile exhibits two peaks, see Fig. 4).…”

“…The `buried' carbonaceous layer is separated from the surface by a layer of non-carbonised, radiation damaged polymer. 75,94,96 This effect can be rationalised by higher heat release at the track ends of implanted ions and by lateral spread of the thermoradiolysis zone within the collision cascade region. 3 Rutherford backscattering studies of the implant distribution (for implantation with heavy ions) and neutron depth profiles (for implantation with light ions) showed that sometimes high penetrability of the implanted layer allows the implant to diffuse out of the irradiated polymer.…”

“…Under these conditions, purely chemical doping of p-type for implantation of iodine ions and of n-type for implantation of alkali metal ions can be accompanied by the effects associated with the formation of structural defects in the polymer matrix (e.g., as a result of electron capture from the p valence band of polyparaphenylene by the lower-lying sp 2 -electron energy levels corresponding to dangling bonds of carbon atoms 188 ). The possibility of fabrication of unusual electronic switching devices (analogues of field-effect transistors 3,75,94,96 ) based on implanted, initially dielectric polymers (polyethylene, polyamide-6) with a `buried' carbonaceous phase separated from the surface by a dielectric layer *10 nm thick was also demonstrated. This layer can be made more uniform by electrochemical polymerisation of dielectric poly(o-phenylenediamine) in the pores of the implanted layer.…”

Surface attachment of horseradish peroxidase to nylon modified by plasma‐immersion ion implantation

“…48 Wettability and new chemical groups in the modified surface layer have been observed previously. 49 Chain scission was reported by Kumar et al 50 Free radicals and high conductivity for ion‐beam‐implanted nylon were observed by Balasubramanian et al 51 and Popok et al 52 The carbonization and formation of π‐electron clusters in nylon were observed after ion‐beam implantation by Popok and coworkers. 53, 54 Also, we reported carbonization, oxidation, and hardness improvements in a polyamide–polyether copolymer with PIII.…”

Ion-Irradiation-Induced Carbon Nanostructures in Optoelectronic Polymer Materials

“…Despite numerical studies of carbonization processes in polymers, the problem remains to understand better how the carbonaceous phase or carbon nanostructures formed under high-dose ion implantation could be dependent on the type of polymer matrix. In this respect, a lot of efforts have been made by researchers studying the B + -ion implantation into various polymer matrix such as polycarbonate, Kapton, polyethylene, polyamide, polyimide, poly(ethylene terephthalate), cellulose, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethersulfone, and others ( [2,4,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and references therein). At the same time, the B + -ion implantation into widely used in practice polymer polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was not studied so far.…”