Muscle glycogen supercompensation: absence of a gender-related difference

James, Anthony P.; Lorraine, Michael; Cullen, Daelyn; Goodman, Carmél; Dawson, Brian; Palmer, Norman T.; Fournier, Paul A.

doi:10.1007/s004210100499

Cited by 42 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Other studies have not observed reduced muscle glycogen storage in female athletes (Walker et al, 2000;James et al, 2001). Thus, with adequate energy and carbohydrate intake, female athletes benefit from carbohydrate loading as much as male athletes.…”

Section: Carbohydrate Loading In the Days Before Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance

Hargreaves¹,

Hawley

Jeukendrup³

2004

Journal of Sports Sciences

139

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A key goal of pre-exercise nutritional strategies is to maximize carbohydrate stores, thereby minimizing the ergolytic effects of carbohydrate depletion. Increased dietary carbohydrate intake in the days before competition increases muscle glycogen levels and enhances exercise performance in endurance events lasting 90 min or more. Ingestion of carbohydrate 3-4 h before exercise increases liver and muscle glycogen and enhances subsequent endurance exercise performance. The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise persist for at least 6 h. Although an increase in plasma insulin following carbohydrate ingestion in the hour before exercise inhibits lipolysis and liver glucose output, and can lead to transient hypoglycaemia during subsequent exercise in susceptible individuals, there is no convincing evidence that this is always associated with impaired exercise performance. However, individual experience should inform individual practice. Interventions to increase fat availability before exercise have been shown to reduce carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but do not appear to have ergogenic benefits.

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Section: Carbohydrate Loading In the Days Before Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance

Hargreaves¹,

Hawley

Jeukendrup³

2004

Journal of Sports Sciences

139

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“…Considering that this protocol is more time consuming than that of the 3 day classical regimen (Ahlborg et al 1967;Bergstro¨m et al 1967), the protocol of Sherman and colleagues (1981) is often modified by starting the regimen with a high carbohydrate diet while ceasing or tapering-down exercise (Burke et al 2000;Rauch et al 1995). During the past decade, most studies of carbohydrate loading have used either the 3 day classical regimen or the original/modified regimen of Hickner et al 1997;James et al 2001;Madsen et al 1990;Widrick et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although the above-mentioned carbohydrate loading regimens can elevate muscle glycogen content to levels of 160-200 mmolAEkg -1 wet mass, they share the limitation that 2-6 days are advocated as the periods required to attain these high glycogen contents (Ahlborg et al 1967;Bergstro¨m et al 1967;Burke et al 2000;Greiwe et al 1999;Hickner et al 1997;James et al 2001;Lamb et al 1991;Madsen et al 1990;Rauch et al 1995;Sherman et al 1981;Widrick et al 1993). This is a severe limitation for athletes who may not wish to disrupt their normal training schedules over such a long period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Recently, we have reported that if carbohydrate loading is initiated immediately after a 3 min period of exercise of near maximal intensity, supranormal muscle glycogen contents can be attained within 1 day (Fairchild et al, in press). Many endurance athletes, however, may not wish to perform such intense exercise during their preparations for competition, and thus might still prefer the 3 day classical regimen (Ahlborg et al 1967;Bergstro¨m et al 1967) or that of Sherman and colleagues in its original or modified form (Burke et al 2000;Greiwe et al 1999;Hickner et al 1997;James et al 2001;Madsen et al 1990;Widrick et al 1993). Although it is clearly established that more than 1 day is required for glycogen content to reach supranormal levels in response to the two classical carbohydrate loading regimens (Ahlborg et al 1967;Bergstro¨m et al 1967;Greiwe et al 1999;Hickner et al 1997), it is important to note that none of the studies concerned with the protocol of Sherman et al (1981) in either its original or modified form has attempted to establish whether less than 3 days might be sufficient to accumulate maximal levels of muscle glycogen content (Burke et al 2000;Madsen et al 1990;Rauch et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol

Bussau

Fairchild

Rao

et al. 2002

European Journal of Applied Physiology

122

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It is generally acknowledged that even without a glycogen-depleting period of exercise, trained athletes can store maximal amounts of muscle glycogen if fed a carbohydrate-rich diet for 3 days. What has never been examined is whether under these conditions this many days are necessary for the content of muscle glycogen to attain these high levels. To examine this issue, eight endurance-trained male athletes were asked to eat 10 g.day(-1).kg(-1) body mass of high-carbohydrate foods having a high glycaemic index over 3 days, while remaining physically inactive. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to carbohydrate loading and after 1 and 3 days of eating the carbohydrate-rich diet. Muscle glycogen content increased significantly ( P<0.05) from pre-loading levels of [mean (SE)] 95 (5) to 180 (15) mmol.kg(-1) wet mass after only 1 day, and remained stable afterwards despite another 2 days of carbohydrate-rich diet. Densitometric analyses of muscle sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff not only supported these findings, but also indicated that only 1 day of high carbohydrate intake was required for glycogen stores to reach maximal levels in types I, IIa, and IIb muscle fibres. In conclusion, these findings showed that combining physical inactivity with a high intake of carbohydrate enables trained athletes to attain maximal muscle glycogen contents within only 24 h.

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“…Since both women and men use glycogen from brain liver and muscle for fast energy during physical stress and during chess playing, mental fatigue occurs earlier in women [125,126], because their body glycogen content is lower if compared to men due to hormonal conditions [127][128][129][130][131] and chess demand for fast energy for women is equal to men. This would indeed lower speed of conflict control at an earlier time point for women during a chess game.…”

Section: Chess and Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry and Psychology of Chess and Classical Physical Exercise: Concurring or Conflicting Evidence?

Golf¹

2015

J Sports Med Doping Stud

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Chess is a competitive sport in the classical meaning of the word. One of the most important factors for chess and sport competence is the accumulated time of training. In order to obtain a high level of competence, chess players and athletes alike must spend up 10 years of specific training.In chess and classical sport energy needed for brain activity is first derived from glycogen stores in brain, muscles and liver and later from adipose tissue. Both, chess and classical sport rely on shared energy from glycogen and fat. When the brain needs additional energy, muscles and liver share energy with the brain. When muscles need additional energy, brain complies with the request of muscles. Energy expenditure, O2 uptake and CO2 production during chess games are similar to those obtained during a marathon. Mental and physical fatigue begin with similar metabolic states: deprivation of glycogen. During competitive chess, athletes must be in good physical condition.Mental profiles of chess players and other athletes correlate with processes such as attention, conflict control, memory, motivation and recognition.In chess there exists no gender-specific excellence; glycogen availability, however, is less developed in female chess players.In chess and in classical sports, the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles cooperate in complete harmony. The brain commands everything: in chess the figures, in sport the cellular receptors (baro-, lactate-, gluco-, metabo-, chemo-, thermo-, respiratory-) "send" signals via eyes or metabolic changes to the brain. The brain then decides, what to do: in chess, the player moves a figure; in sports, muscles react according to demand.Physical exercise or chess must be defined by a motor activity completely controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) in combination with a specific competence. In chess as well as in physical exercise, physical stress prepares brain to cognitive stimulation.With respect to biochemical, physiological, neuronal and psychological aspects, chess is equals classical physical exercise and must be recognized as sport.

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Muscle glycogen supercompensation: absence of a gender-related difference

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance

Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance

Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol

Biochemistry and Psychology of Chess and Classical Physical Exercise: Concurring or Conflicting Evidence?

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