Musculoskeletal screening to detect asymmetry in swimming

Evershed, Jo K; Burkett, Brendan; Mellifont, Rebecca

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.02.002

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, the symmetry index stood up as factor to control in the relationships between exerted forces and swimming performance, confirming the second hypothesis. The assessment of biomechanical asymmetries is useful in both clinical and research settings, being possible to characterize the functional imbalance between upper limbs with a single discrete measure (Evershed, Burkett, & Mellifont, 2014). Theoretically, this functional imbalance could augment the front crawl intra-cycle velocity variation, increase the energy cost for the same average speed (Figueiredo et al, 2012) and deteriorate body postures by maximising hydrodynamic drag (Sanders et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current study does not come up with a definite solution about the origin of these asymmetries; nevertheless it does provide some valuable evidences in terms of their importance for sprint swimming performance. In fact, they can be due to pre-existing strength deficits, limb dominance or even differences on technique (Evershed et al, 2014;Sanders et al, 2012). Even so, the assessment of propulsive forces through in-water experiments may be a useful tool for imbalance diagnosis, and ultimately to provide coaches additional information for training prescription.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Morouço

Marinho

Fernandes

et al. 2015

Human Movement Science

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This study aimed at quantifying upper limb kinetic asymmetries in maximal front crawl swimming and to examine if these asymmetries would affect the contribution of force exertion to swimming performance. Eighteen high level male swimmers with unilateral breathing patterns and sprint or middle distance specialists, volunteered as participants. A load-cell was used to quantify the forces exerted in water by completing a 30s maximal front crawl tethered swimming test and a maximal 50 m free swimming was considered as a performance criterion. Individual force-time curves were obtained to calculate the mean and maximum forces per cycle, for each upper limb. Following, symmetry index was estimated and breathing laterality identified by questionnaire. Lastly, the pattern of asymmetries along the test was estimated for each upper limb using linear regression of peak forces per cycle. Asymmetrical force exertion was observed in the majority of the swimmers (66.7%), with a total correspondence of breathing laterality opposite to the side of the force asymmetry. Forces exerted by the dominant upper limb presented a higher decrease than from the non-dominant. Very strong associations were found between exerted forces and swimming performance, when controlling the isolated effect of symmetry index. Results point that force asymmetries occur in the majority of the swimmers, and that these asymmetries are most evident in the first cycles of a maximum bout. Symmetry index stood up as an influencing factor on the contribution of tethered forces over swimming performance. Thus, to some extent, a certain degree of asymmetry is not critical for short swimming performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Morouço

Marinho

Fernandes

et al. 2015

Human Movement Science

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“…Na literatura, assimetrias de até 10% são consideradas aceitáveis para atividades como a marcha humana 18 . Essa mesma abordagem é também utilizada em estudos na natação objetivando a análise da coordenação e da força aplicada no ergômetro de nado e no nado atado [19][20][21][22] . No presente estudo, seis dos 17 nadadores analisados apresentaram valores superiores a 10% para o IS med %, e sete para o IS max %.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Hand force symmetry during breaststroke swimming

Werlang¹,

Pereira²,

Ruschel³

et al. 2017

Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte

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ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a simetria da força aplicada durante a braçada do nado peito e a sua relação com o desempenho de nadadores. Participaram do estudo 17 nadadores especialistas em nado peito e medley (12 homens e 5 mulheres, 19,5 ± 5,2 anos, melhor tempo pessoal correspondente a 73,4 ± 7,0 % do recorde mundial dos 50 m peito). Cada sujeito realizou três repetições de 25 m peito em máxima velocidade. Sensores de pressão do Sistema Aquanex foram posicionados na mão direita e na mão esquerda dos nadadores, possibilitando a aquisição das variáveis Força Média (F med ) e Força Máxima (F max ). Calculou-se o índice de simetria conforme proposto por Sanders e utilizou-se o tempo de uma execução de 50 m peito em velocidade máxima (T 50m ) como indicador de desempenho. A comparação das variáveis entre a mão direita e a mão esquerda foi realizada através de testes para amostras dependentes, e a relação entre as variáveis foi investigada através da correlação de Spearman (p < 0,05). A F med aplicada foi de 47,9 ± 16,7 N e de 47,9 ± 14,5 N para as mãos direita e esquerda, respectivamente. A F max correspondeu a 120,7 ± 43,6 N e 112,8 ± 35,7 N para as mãos direita e esquerda, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças signifi cativas quando comparadas as mãos direita e esquerda. Uma análise individual e descritiva das variáveis permitiu observar assimetrias de até 30,6% para a F med e de até 35,9% para a F max . Entretanto, parece não haver relação entre os índices de simetria com o desempenho no nado peito em 50 m. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Natação; Biomecânica; Desempenho.O objetivo de um nadador competitivo é nadar a distância completa de sua prova de acordo com as regras no menor tempo possível, levando em consideração tanto a distância percorrida, quanto o tempo no percurso da prova, devendo atingir a maior velocidade média que for capaz 1 . Para atingir esse objetivo, é necessário um aprimoramento de aspectos técnicos e físicos objetivando aumentar a capacidade propulsiva do nadador, e também diminuir a resistência ao deslocamento.Parece evidente, portanto, que a força propulsiva é um importante determinante do desempenho em natação 2 , e a sua medição pode fornecer indicativos sobre a efetividade da técnica 3 . A estimação da força propulsiva tem sido objeto de análise dos biomecânicos do esporte há alguns anos, através de diferentes métodos como o nado atado 2, 4-5 , a análise de vídeo tridimensional 6 , a dinâmica computacional dos fl uidos 7 e utilização de sensores de pressão nas mãos dos nadadores [8][9][10] . Ao analisar a força propulsiva, um dos interesses dos pesquisadores diz respeito à ocorrência de assimetrias na aplicação dessa força entre os membros direito e esquerdo, e a sua relação com o desempenho 5,11 . Mesmo sabendo que certo nível de assimetria é aceitável devido às diferenças inerentes ao corpo humano 12 , a diferença bilateral na produção de força durante o nado pode ser um fator limitante do desempenho 13 . Segundo Sanders et al. 14, para atingir um desempenho de alto ...

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“…The symmetry index (SI) is calculated to determine the coordination symmetry; negative results indicates asymmetry to the left side (e.g., greater than -10%), while positive results indicates asymmetry to the right side (e.g., greater than 10%) [9]. Small differences in strength between body sides are considered as acceptable and inherent to the human performance [10], however, differences greater than 10% are deemed as functional asymmetries [7,11] that require compensatory strategies [11]. The same remark has been identified as the acceptable limit for the index of coordination [9,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetry in the front crawl stroke of different skill level of able-bodied and disabled swimmers

et al. 2020

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Although swimming is recognized as a symmetrical sport, equivalence between each body side cannot be insured. Swimmers with physical and motor impairment may present asymmetries that are even more pronounced. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the symmetry of temporal coordination in the front crawl stroke phases and their dimensional characteristics among swimmers of different levels of skill and disabled swimmers. Forty-one swimmers (28 men and 13 women, 18,8 ± 3,3 years, divided 21 of them into groups of high and low level of skill and 20 in disabled swimmers group) performed a 50m maximum of front-crawl test while they were recorded by six synchronized cameras (four underwater and two above water) for analysis of the stroke phases, stroke dimensions (anteroposterior, mediolateral and vertical amplitude), index of coordination and hand speed. The symmetry index was calculated by the difference between the right and the left strokes. Comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test and multivariate comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney test, with p <0.05. Asymmetry was noted in anteroposterior and mediolateral amplitudes of the stroke, index of coordination, duration of the recovery phase, each of the underwater phases and in the hand speed during the downseep phase, regardless of the level of skill or impairment. The disabled swimmers also showed asymmetry in the vertical amplitude of the stroke as well as in the insweep and upsweep speed. The reasons for these asymmetries may be the preference for unilateral breathing, force imbalance between pairs of homologous muscles and motor control deficit. The training with stereotypic movements may explain the similarity of asymmetries among the different groups of swimmers. OPEN ACCESSCitation: Santos KB, Bento PCB, Payton C, Rodacki ALF (2020) Symmetry in the front crawl stroke of different skill level of able-bodied and disabled swimmers. PLoS ONE 15(3): e0229918. https://

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Musculoskeletal screening to detect asymmetry in swimming

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Hand force symmetry during breaststroke swimming

Symmetry in the front crawl stroke of different skill level of able-bodied and disabled swimmers

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